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DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION

DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION. DR RAJESH K F. This is a technique of altering circulatory dynamics by means of a variety of physiological and pharmacological maneuvers and determining their effects on heart sounds and murmurs. Interventions most commonly employed are Respiration Postural changes

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DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION

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  1. DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION DR RAJESH K F

  2. This is a technique of altering circulatory dynamics by means of a variety of physiological and pharmacological maneuvers and determining their effects on heart sounds and murmurs

  3. Interventions most commonly employed are • Respiration • Postural changes • Isometric exercise • Valsalva maneuver • Premature ventricular contractions • Vasoactive agents- amyl nitrite ,methoxamine ,phenylephrine

  4. RESPIRATION Splitting of S2

  5. Heart sounds Accentuated during Inspiration • RVS3 and RVS4 • Tricuspid OS Expiration LVS3 and LVS4 mitral OS

  6. Pulmonary ejection click • Inspiration diminish intensity of valvular PEC • PA diastolic pressure is very low • Inspiration causes elevation of RV EDP • RV late diastolic Pr > PA Pressure • Causes partial presystolic opening of PV • Less upward motion of valve during systole

  7. MURMURS • Respiration exerts more pronounced and consistent alterations on murmurs of right side than left side • Especially tricuspid murmurs 100% sensitivity, 88% specificity • Inspiration increases venous return to right side of heart • Expiration increases venous return to left side of heart

  8. Murmurs accentuated during Inspiration • TS • TR (Carvallo’s sign) • PR • Mild or moderate PS • Severe PS no further increase in gradient Expiration MS MR AS AR VSD Pericardial rub (AP diameter)

  9. MVP • MSC and systolic murmur occur earlier during systole in inspiration • Inspiratory reduction in LV size • Increased redundancy of MV • Increase valvular prolapse

  10. Effects of inspiration on auscultatory findings may be accentuated by Muller maneuver • Converse of ValsalvaManeuver • Forced inspiration against closed glottis • Forcibly inspires while the nose is held closed and mouth is firmly sealed for about 10 sec.

  11. Widens split S2 and augments murmur and filling sound originating in right side of the heart.

  12. POSTURAL CHANGE RAPID STANDING • Decrease in venous return, thus stroke volume

  13. Width of the splitting become reduced • No change in patients with true fixed split Decrease in intensity • RVS3 and RVS4 • LVS3 and LVS4

  14. Decrease in intensity • Semilunar valve stenosis • AV valve regurgitation murmurs • VSD • Most functional systolic murmurs

  15. Since LV EDV is decreased Increase in murmurs • HOCM(95% sensitivity, 84% specificity) • Early MSC and murmur of MVP

  16. SQUATTING • Sudden change from standing to squatting position • Increase venous return and systemic resistance simultaneously • Squatting abruptly increases ventricular preload and afterload • Arterial pressure rise may cause transient reflex bradycardia

  17. Increase in stroke volume causes augmentation of • S3 and S4(of both ventricles) • Right sided murmurs • MS • AS

  18. Elevation of arterial pressure • Increase in aortic reflux AR • Increase in MR volume • Increase in LT to RT shunt in VSD • Increase in blood flow through RVOT in TOF

  19. Combination of elevated arterial pressure and venous return • Increase LV size and reduce LVOT obstruction • Decrease murmur in HOCM(95% sensitivity, 85% specificity) • Click and murmur of MVP delayed

  20. LEFT LATERAL RECUMBENT POSITION Accentuate intensity of • S1 • LVS3 and LVS4 • OS of MS • Murmurs of MS and MR • Click and murmur of MVP • Austin Flint murmur

  21. SITTING AND LEANING FORWARD • Accentuate AR and PR murmur (mechanical)

  22. ISOMETRIC EXERCISE • This can be carried out by using a calibrated handgrip device or a handball • Better to carryout bilaterally • Should be sustained for 20 to 30 secs • Valsalva maneuver during the handgrip must be avoided • Contraindicated in patients with myocardial ischemia and ventricular arrhythmias

  23. Isometric exercise results in significant increase in • Systemic vascular resistance • Arterial pressure • Heart rate • COP • LV filling pressure • Heart size

  24. Systolic murmur of AS diminished –reduction of pressure gradient across AV • Diastolic murmur of AR and systolic murmurs of rheumatic MR and VSD increases • LVS3 and LVS4 accentuated • Diastolic murmur MS becomes louder –increase in flow across valve

  25. Increase LV volume • Systolic murmur of HOCM decreased • Click and murmur of MVP delayed

  26. VALSALVA MANEUVER • Forced expiration against a closed glottis Standard test consists of asking the patient to blow against an aneroid manometer and maintain a pressure of 40mmhg for 30seconds

  27. Relatively deep inspiration followed by forced exhalation against a closed glottis for 10 to 20 seconds • Physician has to keep flat of the hand on the abdomen to provide the patient a force to breathe against • Normal response has four phases

  28. PHASE1 • Intrathoracic pressure rises • Transient increase in LV output and SBP

  29. PHASE II STRAINING PHASE • Systemic venous return decrease • Filling of right and then left side reduced • Stroke volume reduced • Mean arterial and pulse pressures falls • Reflex tachycardia

  30. A2-P2 interval narrows Attenuation of • S3 and S4 • AS & PS • MR & TR • AR & PR • TS & MS

  31. Since LV volume is reduced • Murmur of HOCM increased(65% sensitivity, 95% specificity) • Systolic click and murmur of MVP commence earlier

  32. PHASEIII VALSALVA RELEASE • During first two cycles following release murmurs and sounds(S3 and S4) right side of heart return to normal • After six to eight cycles sounds and murmurs originating from left side of heart returns to normal • A2-P2 split increases • Decrease SBP

  33. PHASE IV OVERSHOOT PHASE • Murmurs and heart sounds transiently augmented

  34. POSTPREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS Followed by a significant pause • Increase in ventricular filling • Augmentation of cardiac contractility- post extra systolic potentiation

  35. During postpremature beat – augmented are • ESM of AS and PS ^volume ^contractility • HOCM ^contractility-increase dynamic LVOT obstruction ^volume-decrease LVOT obstruction net increase gradient

  36. PSM of MR and of VSD - not altered(relatively little further increase in mitral valve flow or change in the LV-LA gradient) (ventricle has has 2 openings aorta and LA in MR not in AS) • Systolic murmur of papillary muscle dysfunction diminish • Increase in LV size delays systolic click and murmur of MVP (depend mainly on volume)

  37. Similar auscultatory changes follow prolonged diastolic pauses in AF

  38. PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS AMYL NITRITE INHALATION • Crush ampoule in towel • take 3-4 deep breaths over 10 – 15 secs • First 30 secs– Systemic art pressure decrease • 30 to 60 secs– Reflex Tachycardia • > 60 secs -CO,HR and Velocity of BF increase

  39. S1 augmented • A2 diminished • OS mitral and tricuspid valve become louder • A2 OS interval shortens • RVS3 and LVS3 augmented –rapidity of ventricular filling • LVS3 associated with MR diminished(MR reduced)

  40. Systolic murmurs accentuated are • HOCM • AS • PS • TR • Functional systolic murmurs Increased ventricular contractility and SV

  41. Due fall in systemic arterial pressure murmurs diminished are • PSM of MR • PSM of VSD • EDM of AR • Austin flint murmur • Continuous murmur of PDA • Continuous murmur of AVF

  42. Systolic ejection murmur of TOF diminished • Decrease in arterial pressure • Increase right to left shunt • Decrease blood flow in RVOT

  43. Reduction cardiac size leads to • Early appearance of click and murmur of MVP • Murmur intensity show variable response

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