RAD TECH A WEEK 2 (FINAL) RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Spring 2011

1. RAD TECH A WEEK 2 (FINAL) RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Spring 2011

2. Game Plan • Identify generic components of the radiographic equipment • Describe various planes of x-ray tube and table movement • Discuss contrast and density • Exposure Factors

3. Radiographic Room

4. X-RAY Tube • Made with Pyrex glass • ____________ • Gas Evacuated • ____________

5. Early X-RAY Tube

6. X-RAY Tube 1) 2)

7. The X-RAY Tube • ____ and ______ housing • _______ ______encased in a housing • Primary components • ___________ (+) • & • ___________ (-)

9. X-RAY Tube Housing • Lead and steel • Absorbs ______ radiation • Prevents x-ray photons from leaking from tube

10. X-Ray Machine • Purpose: • provide a specific current (mA) & voltage (kVp) to the x-ray tube • _____ controls the energy of the x-ray photons • _____ controls the number of x-ray photons • convert electrical energy to electromagnetic energy (x- ray photons)

11. kVp & mAs

12. How Are X-rays Made? • Source of _______move at ______ speed (KE) • Collide with target on anode • KE of electrons converted to x rays & heat • 99% _______ • 1% __________

13. e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- X-ray Production target electrons anode

14. X-ray PHOTONS • Electromagnetic waves • Shorter wavelength and higher energy than normal light. • Wave-particle duality • Photons can be described both as waves and particles.

15. The Electromagnetic Spectrum • X-rays have wavelengths much shorter than visible light • Wavelengths longer than high energy gamma rays MEASURED IN ANGSTROM 0.1 – 0.5 FOR X-RAYS

16. Process of x-ray production on Cathode side (-) • mA (milliamperage) is sent to filament • Via cables • ____________ heats up • electrons “boil off” (thermionic emission) • focusing cup focuses electron beam toward anode • Electrons have ________ charge

17. Process of x-ray production on Anode side (+) • Positive voltage (kVp) is applied • Causes electrons to _________ towards anode • Laws of attraction • Electrons “slam into” target of anode – suddenly stopped. • _________ ___________ARE CREATED

19. TO PRODUCE X-RAYS YOU NEED • A SOURCE OF ELECTRONS • A FORCE TO MOVE THEM QUICKLY • SOMETHING TO STOP THEM SUDDENLY

20. Cathode

21. Cathode • Filament • ________ ________ • Focusing cup (beam focus)

22. Anode

23. High voltage to anode attracts electrons from cathode Current to stator causes rotation of anode

24. Molybdenum or Graphite base Anodes - Target • Rotating Anodes • 2” to 5” disk (focal track) • Rotation speeds • Low: 3,000 – 3,600 rpm • High: 9,000 – 10,000 rpm Cu W • Common target (focal track)material is __________

25. X-ray Tube Anode • Stator and rotor make up the induction motor • Molybdenum stem connects rotor with anode • reduces heat transfer to rotor and bearings • Focal track area • spreads heat out over large area

26. Rotating Anode Molybdenum stem and base used because it is a poor heat conductor Tungsten can withstand high heat loads

28. Ancillary Equipment • Table • Tube supports • Grids • Collimators • View boxes and viewing computers • Control console • Darkroom • Processors and Readers • Misc Equipment

29. TABLE OR UPRIGHT BUCKY TRAY

30. The ‘bucky’ is like a drawer

32. Image Receptors and Bucky tray

33. The bucky tray can be found: • In the table or chest board • Holds the cassettes • CR • Film Screen

36. Bucky tray

37. Bucky Tray Image receptor is held in bucky

38. Tables • Tilting tables • diagnostic and fluoroscopic work • 90 degrees in one direction • 15 – 30 degrees in the other direction • ancillary equipment: • footboard, shoulder support, handgrips, compression bands

42. FLUOROSCOPYIMAGES IN MOTION

45. REMOTE ROOM & OLD CONVENTIONAL FLUORO

46. FLUOROSCOPYmust wear shielding while x-ray beam is on

47. Tube Supports • Designed to help technologists with various tube locations for creative imaging. • Tube suspension systems are available in 5 versions