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HIV

Understanding. HIV. sharing blades and razors. Sharing needles syringes. HIV - Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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HIV

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  1. Understanding HIV

  2. sharing blades and razors

  3. Sharing needles syringes

  4. HIV -Human Immuno Deficiency Virus AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

  5. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS is the advanced stage of the disease caused by HIV- Human Immuno deficiency Virus First case identified USA - 1982 India - 1986

  6. HIV PREVALENCE IN INDIA • 3.97 million people already infected with HIV - In India • 34.3 million people in the world are infected with HIV

  7. HIV PREVALENCE RATE IN INDIA General population in females - 0.4 to 0.82% in males - 0.142 to 0.58% Antenatal clinics in urban areas - 2% in rural areas - 0.3% Male STD patients in urban areas - 3.6% Female sex workers in urban areas - 5.3% Injectable drug users in urban areas - 24.5%

  8. Receptor Nucleus DNA SO FAR NO CURE, NO VACCINE HIV - A mutant of SIV HIV - Destroys CD4 cell CD4 is an important white blood cell

  9. THE INVASION • CD4 cells 200 to 300 billion • CD4 cells are not produced after childhood • HIV infects CD4 cells • Uses CD4 cells to multiply …….

  10. HIV T.B. Cancer Help yourselves Pneumonia Pneumonia T.B. Cancer THE INVASION (Contd…) • Releases many viruses which can then attack other CD4 cells • Number of CD4 cells decrease and immune system is destroyed

  11. HIV Is found in and transmitted by Blood Semen Vaginal fluid Mother’s milk It is destroyed easily by Heat - Boiling, drying Chemicals - Acid, bleach, detergent etc..

  12. Quality of HIV Blood Sexual Transmission Circle Infected mother to child Quantity of HIV TRANSMISSION OF HIV Intact skin - 100% barrier Entry through mucous membrane or broken skin

  13. TRANSMISSION OF HIV • Heterosexual contact - Most common mode in India - 70 to 80% • Infected blood transfusion and through infected needles - 10 to 15% and syringes I.V.drug use

  14. INFECTED BLOOD Around 10 to 15% cases of infection are • The result of infected blood transfusions • Use of infected needles, syringes and other skin piercing instruments

  15. Drug abusers • sharing of needles and syringes

  16. SEXUAL CONTACT In India 70 - 80% of all HIV infections is through the heterosexual route • Anal sex is the riskiest form of penetrative sex because multiple injuries and tears are caused in the anal wall • Vaginal sex – unprotected sex can lead to transmission • Oral sex- when the mouth is used during the sexual act. The risk increases with bleeding gums and ulcers / injuries in the mouth

  17. INFECTED PREGNANT MOTHER TO HER CHILD 30 to 40% of babies born to HIV positive mothers are infected • During pregnancy through the placenta to the foetus • Through mother’s breast milk to the baby The transmission can be prevented to some extent by treatment with ART to both pregnant mother and the newborn

  18. POSSIBLE PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION Exposure to HIV Window Period (2 weeks - 3 months) No antibodies – ELISA false negative Infection with HIV Sero conversion Antibody production (fever, body ache and chills) ELISA and Western Blot tests positive

  19. POSSIBLE PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION HIV Infection stage • HIV dormant • Immune system intact • Looks & feels healthy • Can transmit HIV-Infection (occasional fever, diarrhea, loss of weight, enlarged lymph nodes)

  20. DEATH POSSIBLE PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION(CONTD..) AIDS • Immune system destroyed • Opportunistic infections - fungal, viral, bacterial • Fever, Weight loss, Diarrhea, Skin infections,T.B. • Herpes, Blindness, Cancer- Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Pneumonia, Oral fungal infections, Dementia

  21. WHO CLASSIFICATION Major signs • Weight loss greater than 10% of body weight • Fever longer than one month • Chronic diarrhea for longer than one month Minor signs • Persistent cough • General itchy dermatitis • Recurrent herpes zoster • Oropharyngeal candidiasis • Chronic progressive herpes simplex • Generalised lymphadenopathy

  22. The presence of at least two major signs and one minor sign can be an indication of AIDS Since CD4 count and other blood tests cannot be undertaken everywhere in India

  23. RISKY ACTIVITES • Multiple sexual partners • Casual sex • Unprotected sex • Sex with commercial sex workers • Homosexual activity • Injecting drugs

  24. HOW CAN ONE PREVENT INFECTION? Prevention of infection through the sexual route by • Having sex with only one partner who is faithful • Avoiding pre marital and extra marital sexual activities • Avoiding unprotected, casual sex • Avoiding having sex under the influence of alcohol / drugs when the power of discrimination is likely to be impaired • Using good quality condoms. This gives considerable protection against not only HIV but also against other sexually transmitted diseases like syphilis, gonorrhea etc.

  25. Ravishing another’s woman is eqivalent to the company of a venomous snake ---ggs379 jYsw sMgu ibsIAr isau hY ry qYso hI iehu pr igRhu ]2] (403-7, Awsw, mhlw 5) But, like the companionship of a poisonous snake, so is the desire for another's spouse. ||2||

  26. inmK kwm suAwd kwrix koit idns duKu pwvih ] (403-5, Awsw, mhlw 5) • For a moment of sexual pleasure, you shall suffer in pain for millions of days. • GrI muhq rMg mwxih iPir bhuir bhuir pCuqwvih ]1] (403-6, Awsw, mhlw 5) • For an instant, you may savor pleasure, but afterwards, you shall regret it, again and again. ||1||

  27. dyie ikvwV Aink pVdy mih pr dwrw sMig PwkY ] (616-7, soriT, mhlw 5) • Behind closed doors, hidden by many screens, the man takes his pleasure with another man's wife. • icqR gupqu jb lyKw mwgih qb kauxu pVdw qyrw FwkY ]3] (616-8, soriT, mhlw 5) • When Chitr and Gupt, the celestial accountants of the conscious and subconscious, call for your account, who will screen you then? ||3||

  28. PREVENTION OF INFECTION THROUGH INFECTED BLOOD • Blood from a voluntary donor / voluntary blood bank, which is tested to be used • Use of disposable or adequately sterilised needles and syringes • All skin piercing instruments like knives, scalpels, needles and dental equipment to be sterilised

  29. A C H O O HIV IS NOT SPREAD BY • going to public toilets • sneezing/ coughing • sharing clothes / eating from the same plate • shaking hands • mosquitoes

  30. HEALTHY LIFE STYLE Patient is HIV positive but asymptomatic • No active treatment is necessary • Healthy lifestyle and good food • No alcohol / drugs / tobacco • Regular exercise • Vitamin supplements

  31. TREATMENT When the patient has infection • Treating the specific infection • anti TB for TB • anti fungal for fungal infections etc • Anti retroviral drugs now available - can be used for HIV

  32. ANTI RETROVIRAL DRUGS Anti retroviral drugs • Zidovudine • Stavudine • Lamivudine Approximate cost per person - Rs. 3000 to Rs. 6000/- per month for anti retroviral drugs alone

  33. THANK YOU

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