Phrases

1. Phrases

2. 3 types of phrases A.) Appositive Phrases B.) Prepositional Phrases C.) Verbal Phrases

3. A.) Appositive phrases An Appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. Example: My brother Richard attends Duke University. An Appositive Phrase consists of an appositive and any modifiers it has. Example: Don’t they live in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago?

4. B.) prepositional phrases A Prepositional Phrase starts with a preposition and includes the object of the preposition and any modifiers of that object. (The object of the preposition is any noun or pronoun that follows a preposition.) Examples of Prepositional Phrases: (the preposition is bolded and the object of the preposition is underlined) • At the grocery store • Under the counter

5. C.) verbal phrases • A Verbal is a verb form that does NOT serve as a verb in the sentence. Instead, it functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. • A Verbal Phrase consists of a verbal and any objects or modifiers. There are 3 types of Verbal phrases: A.) Gerunds B.) Participles C.) Infinitives

6. Verbal Phrases: Gerunds • A Gerundisaverbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. • A Gerund Phrase consists of a gerund and any modifiers or complements the gerund has. • Many times, gerund phrases can be replaced by the word “it” or “that” • Gerund phrases never need punctuation Examples of Gerund Phrases: • Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long, untamed hair. • Bernard hates buttering toast with a fork.

7. Verbal Phrases: Participles • A Participleis a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed (unless the verb is irregular) • Example: The present participle of “swim” = “is swimming,” and the past participle = “has/have swum” • A Participial Phrase is used as an adjective and consists of a participle and any complements or modifiers the participle has. • Participial Phrases often need commas • Example: Climbing over the fence, the boy ripped his pants. **Notice how “climbing” ends in –ing and looks like a gerund, but it’s acting as an adjective by describing “boy”

8. Verbal Phrases: infinitives • An Infinitive is a verbal that includes “to” + verb • An Infinitive Phrase consists of an infinitive and any modifiers or complements the infinitive has. • The entire infinitive phrase acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb Examples of Infinitive Phrases: • Lusita likes to play chess with her grandmother. • Jen has gone to the store to buy paint.