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History of Psychology

History of Psychology. Chapter 8 – Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism. I. The Growth of Psychology in the United States. A. Wundt's impact 1. American psychology guided by Darwin and Galton 2. Wundt's American students did not replicate his psychology

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History of Psychology

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  1. History of Psychology Chapter 8 – Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism

  2. I. The Growth of Psychology in the United States • A. Wundt's impact • 1. American psychology guided by Darwin and Galton • 2. Wundt's American students did not replicate his psychology • 3. Wundt's and Titchener's systems without practical applications • 4. American pragmatism concomitant with rise of functionalism

  3. The Growth of Psychology in the United States • B. Journal articles in 1900: • 1. 25% applied • 2. 3% involved introspection • C. Laboratories • 1. 1880: none • 2. 1900: 42

  4. The Growth of Psychology in the United States • D. Dominance in numbers • 1. 1903: more PhDs in psychology than in any science other than chemistry, zoology, and physics • 2. 1913: United States had more of the world's leading psychologists than any other country

  5. The Growth of Psychology in the United States • E. Publication language • 1910: 50% written in German • 30% in English • 1933: 52% written in English • 14% in German • F. Popularity • 1. 1904 World's Fair: speakers included Titchener, Morgan, Janet, Hall, Watson

  6. II. Economic Influences on Applied Psychology • A. 1900: more Ph.Ds & laboratories • 1. applied work necessary for an income • 2. applied work necessary to supplement academic salary • B. Pressure to prove psychology's value • 1. to administrators and legislators for funding • 2. to the public

  7. Economic Influences on Applied Psychology • C. Opportunity • 1. dramatic increase in public school enrollments • 2. education became big business

  8. A. Hall's career 1 .first American doctoral degree in psychology 2. first (second) American student in the first year of the first psychology laboratory III. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Stanley Hall

  9. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 3. began first psychology laboratory in the United States • 4. began first American journal of psychology • 5. first president of Clark and APA • 6. one of the first applied psychologists

  10. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • B. hall’s life • 1. Interested in philosophy & evolutionary theory • 2. became a tutor in English at Harvard, did research at the medical school; PhD in 1878 • 3. University of Leipzig: was Wundt's student, knew Fechner, did physiological research • 4. United States: lectures on application of psychology to education

  11. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 5. Professor at Johns Hopkins University • a. established first American psychology laboratory (1883) • b. his students: Dewey and Cattell • 6. founded Journal of genetic Psychology, Journal of applied Psychology, and Journal of religious Psychology • 7. 1887: founded American Journal of psychology • a. 1st American Journal • b. an area for theoretical and experimental ideas

  12. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 8. 1888: first president of Clark University • a. preferred to develop a graduate institution • b. receptive to women and minority students at graduate level and to Jewish faculty • c. Francis Cecil Sumner - first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (Clark University in1920, became chair of the psychology department at Howard University in 1928

  13. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 9. founded APA and was 1st APA president • 10. early interest in psychoanalysis; invited Freud and Jung to celebrate Clark University’s 20th anniversary • 11. 81 doctorates were awarded in psychology at Clark during his 36 years there.

  14. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • C. Evolution as framework for human development • 1. contributed more to educational psychology than to experimental psychology • 2. a genetic psychologist: study of childhood is the core of his psychology

  15. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 3. extensive use of questionnaires • 4. child study movement • a. established the empirical study of the child • b. established concept of psychological development

  16. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • 5. 1904: Adolescence • a. his most influential work • b. recapitulation theory of psychological development • It means that the psychological development of childrenrepeats the history of the human race. • 6. 1922: Senescence (first large survey of psychology of elderly)

  17. A. Cattell's life 1. Born in Pennsylvania 2. graduate work: Gottingen, then Leipzig with Wundt IV. James Cattell (1860-1944) James Cattell

  18. James Cattell (1860-1944) • 3. 1882: fellowship at Johns Hopkins • a. major interest: philosophy • b. interest in psychology due to experiments with drugs • c. took Hall's lab course • d. began reaction-time research • 4. 1883: return to Leipzig • a. lab assistant to Wundt • b. PhD in 1886

  19. James Cattell (1860-1944) • 4. taught in United States, then at Cambridge: met Galton • 5. one of first in United States to stress quantification, ranking, ratings • a. developed ranking method • b. first psychologist to teach statistical analysis of experimental results • c. encouraged the use of large groups of subjects

  20. James Cattell (1860-1944) • 6. interested in Galton's eugenics • 7. 1888: professor of psychology at University of Pennsylvania • 8. 1894: began Psychological Review • 9. other books and journals

  21. James Cattell (1860-1944) • 10. 1891: professor of psychology and chair at Columbia University • 11. at Columbia • a. more PhDs in psychology than anywhere else in United States • b. emphasized independent research by graduate students • c. urged increased faculty involved university decision

  22. James Cattell (1860-1944) • 12. 1917: dismissed on grounds of disloyalty to United States • 13. 1921: organized Psychological Corporation, promoting applied psychology as a business

  23. James Cattell (1860-1944) • C. Mental testing • 1 .1890: coined term mental tests • 2. his intelligence tests: • elementary sensorimotor measurements • 3. 1901: concluded such tests not valid predictors of intelligence

  24. James Cattell (1860-1944) • D. Comment • 1. strongest impact: • as organizer, executive, administrator, and link to scientific community • 2. contributed through his students • Robert Woodworth; E. L. Thorndike • 3. reinforced functionalism

  25. A. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) 1. self-taught psychologist 2. first true psychological test of mental ability 3. provided effective measure of cognitive abilities V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

  26. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • 4. initiated modern intelligence testing • 5. cognitive functions reflect intelligence, sensorirnotor responses do not • 6. Binet and Simon test • a. 30 problems • b. ascending difficulty • c. foci: judgment, comprehension, reasoning

  27. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • 7. mental age concept • The age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks 8. Progress in intelligent test in United States • a. 1908: Henry Goddard translated Binet test was from French to English • b. 1916: Lewis Terman: developed Stanford-Binet test

  28. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • A. The impact of World War I • 1. needed a group test to assign people to the suitable tasks • 2. Robert Yerkes urged to develop a group intelligent test • 3. WWI ended before a group test developed. However, it enhanced publicity of psychological testing.

  29. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • B. The impact of educational needs • IQ scores became the most important criterion for student placement and advancement • Other tests for cognitive functioning

  30. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • C. Metaphors from medicine • 1. purpose: psychology is a “science” • 2. medicine: • Not as subjects but as patients • Tests were like X-ray to see inside the mind or patients’ mental mechanisms. • administered by a trained psychologists

  31. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • D. Metaphors from engineering • 3. Engineering • Schools were referred to as education factories • Tests as ways to measure a factor’s products (intelligence levels)

  32. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • E. Racial Differences • 1 .1912: Goddard at Ellis Island • a. northern Europeans and non-Jews “normal” • b. legislation restricting the immigration of "inferior" racial and ethnic groups • 2. 1921: mental age of World War I draftees was 13

  33. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • E. Racial Differences • 3. Horace Mann Bond: racial differences in IQ due to environment • 4. 1994: The Bell Curve (Herrnstein and Murray) • Intelligent tests are not culturally biased ?? • 5. However, this controversial issueremained unfinished today

  34. V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others • E. Contribution of Women to the testing movement • Female psychologists prohibited from seeking university positions. • Women have made significant contribution to the development and application of psychological tests. • E.g., Psyche Cattell: • Catell Infant Intelligence Scale

  35. A. Witmer's life 1. Cattell chose him as his successor 2. Encouraged him to study with Wundt 3. He was not impressed with Wundt’s research methods 4. Titchener was his classmate VI. Clinical Psychology MovementLightner Witmer (1867-1956) Lightner Witmer

  36. VI. Clinical Psychology MovementLightner Witmer (1867-1956) • 5. 1892-1896: faculty at the Uni. of Pennsylvania • a. experimental research on individual differences and psychological pain • b. goal: application of psychology to abnormal behavior • c. the growth in funding for public education, demand for educational psychology courses

  37. VI. Clinical Psychology MovementLightner Witmer (1867-1956) • 6. 1896: published an article, entitled Practical Work in Psychology • 7. Used the term “clinical psychology” for the first time • 8. 1907: founded Psychological Clinic

  38. VI. Clinical Psychology MovementLightner Witmer (1867-1956) • B. Career • 1. 1896: opened the world’s first psychology clinic • 2. began the field of “clinical psychology” • a. assessed/treated learning and behavior problems • b. today is called “school psychology” • 3. He offered the first college course on clinical psychology • 4. functionalist: helped people solve problems

  39. VI. Clinical Psychology Movement--Others • 1. 1908: A Mind That Found Itself (Beers) • 2. 1909: Psychotherapy (Munsterberg) • 3. 1909: first child guidance clinic (Healey) • a. early intervention • b. team approach • 4. S. Freud's work: psychoanalysis

  40. VI. Clinical Psychology Movement--Others • 5. By 1940, • clinical is a small part of psychology • few treatment facilities for adults • few jobs for clinical psychologists

  41. VI. Clinical Psychology Movement--Others • 6. WWII in 1941 • Needed clinical psychologists to treat the emotional issues of military personnel • After war, needs clinical psychologists even greater in VA hospitals • VA funded graduate programs to let graduate students to work at VA hospitals and clinics

  42. VI. Clinical Psychology Movement--Others • 7. Today, clinical psychology • Clinical psychologists are employed in mental health centers, business, and private practices • Is the largest field in applied psychology • More than 1/3 of graduate students in clinical psychology • More than 1/3 of APA members are in private practice

  43. A. Scott's life 1 . trained to be missionary to China 2. 1898: began study with Wundt at 'Leipzig 3. 1900: faculty in Northwestern University VII. I-O Psychology Movement--Walter Scott (1869-1955) Walter Scott

  44. VII. I-O Psychology Movement--Walter Scott (1869-1955) • 4. 1902: was asked to apply psychology to advertising • 5. 1903: The Theory and Practice of advertising • 6. Expertise in personnel selection and management • 7. 1919: The Scott Company: personnel selection and worker efficiency

  45. VII. I-O Psychology Movement--Walter Scott (1869-1955) • B. Career • 1. first to apply psychology to advertising, personnel selection, management • 2. first “professor of applied psychology” • 3. founded first psychological consulting company • 4. first psychologist to receive army Distinguished Service Medal

  46. VII. I-O Psychology Movement--Walter Scott (1869-1955) • C. Advertising • 1. consumers: not rational, easily influenced • 2. Applied his law of suggestibility into advertising 3. Recommend to use direct commands to sell products

  47. VII. I-O Psychology Movement--Walter Scott (1869-1955) • D. Personnel selection • 1. rating scales and group tests of successful employees • 2. group tests of intelligence and other abilities • a. how people used their intelligence, not their base levels of intelligence

  48. VII. I-O Psychology Movement---other impacts • A. The impact of the world wars • 1. during the wars: testing, screening, and classifying people to the suitable tasks • 2. after the wars: need to select the best employees • a. subspecialty: human engineering, engineering psychology, or human factors engineering

  49. VII. I-O Psychology Movement ---other impacts • B. The Hawthorne studies and organizational factors • 1. 1920s: matching the right person with the right job • 2. The importance of social/psychological factors influences on employee motivation, productivity, satisfaction • 4. development of organizational psychology

  50. VII. I-O Psychology Movement---other impacts • C. Contributions of women to I-O psychology • I-O psychology provided career opportunities to women • Lillian Moore Gilbreth: first 1-0 PhD in 1915 from Brown University • Today, more than half of candidates in I-O psychology were women.

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