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EKT 241/4: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

EKT 241/4: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS. PREPARED BY: NORDIANA MOHAMAD SAAID dianams@unimap.edu.my. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION. Electromagnetic Applications. Optical transmission Coaxial transmission line Antenna system High voltage transmission.

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EKT 241/4: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

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  1. EKT 241/4:ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS PREPARED BY: NORDIANA MOHAMAD SAAID dianams@unimap.edu.my CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

  2. Electromagnetic Applications • Optical transmission • Coaxial transmission line • Antenna system • High voltage transmission UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  3. Electrostatic vs. Magnetostatic UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  4. Timeline for Electromagneticsin the Classical Era • 1785 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (French) demonstrates that the electrical force between charges is proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance between them. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  5. Timeline for Electromagneticsin the Classical Era • 1835 Carl Friedrich Gauss (German) formulates Gauss’s law relating the electric flux flowing through an enclosed surface to the enclosed electric charge. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  6. Timeline for Electromagneticsin the Classical Era • 1873 James Clerk Maxwell (Scottish) publishes his “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” in which he unites the discoveries of Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday and others into four elegantly constructed mathematical equations, now known as Maxwell’s Equations. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  7. Units and Dimensions • SI Units • French name ‘Systeme Internationale’ • Based on six fundamental dimensions UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  8. Multiple & Sub-Multiple Prefixes Example: • 4 x 10-12 F becomes 4 pF UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  9. The Nature of Electromagnetism Physical universe is governed by 4 forces: • nuclear force • weak-interaction force • electromagnetic force • gravitational force UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  10. The Electromagnetic ForceAnalogy: The Gravitational Force Where; m2, m1 = masses R12= distanceG = gravitational constant = unit vector from 1 to 2 Gravitational force UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  11. The Electric Fields Coulomb’s law UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Where; Fe21 = electrical force q1,q2 = charges R12 = distance between the two charges = unit vector ε0 = electrical permittivity of free space

  12. where = radial unit vector pointing away from charge The Electric Fields Electric field intensity, E due to q UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  13. The Electric Fields TWO important properties for electric charge: • Law of conservation of electric charge 2. Principle of linear superposition UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  14. The Electric Fields Electric flux density, D UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS where E = electric field intensityε = electric permittivity of the material

  15. The Magnetic Fields • Velocity of light in free space, c where µ0 = magnetic permeability of free space = 4π x 10-7 H/m • Magnetic flux density, B where H = magnetic field intensity UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  16. Permittivity • Describes how an electric field affects and is affected by a dielectric medium • Ability of material to polarize in response to field • Reduce the total electric field inside the material • Permittivity of free space; • Relative permittivity UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  17. Permeability • The degree of magnetization of a material • Responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. • The constant value μ0 is known as the magnetic constant, i.e permeability of free space; • Relative permeability UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  18. The Electromagnetic Spectrum UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  19. Review of Complex Numbers • A complex number z is written in the rectangular form Z = x ± jy • x is the real ( Re ) part of Z • y is the imaginary ( Im ) part of Z • Value ofj = −1 . • Hence, x =Re (z) , y =Im (z) UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  20. Forms of Complex Numbers • Using Trigonometry, convert from rectangular to polar form, • Alternative polar form, UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  21. Forms of complex numbers • Relations between rectangular and polar representations of complex numbers. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  22. Forms of complex numbers UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  23. Complex conjugate • Complex conjugate, z* • Opposite sign (+ or -) & with * superscript (asterisk) • Product of complex number z with its complex conjugate is always a real number; UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  24. Equality • z1 = z2 if and only if x1=x2 AND y1=y2 • Or equivalently, UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  25. Addition & Subtraction UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  26. Multiplication in Rectangular Form • Given two complex numbers z1 and z2; • Multiplication gives; UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  27. Multiplication in Polar Form • In polar form, UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  28. Division in Polar Form • For UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  29. Division in Rectangular Form UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  30. Powers • For any positive integer n, • And, UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

  31. Powers • Useful relations UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

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