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THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945

Explore the impact of WWII, including the Bataan Death March, Pacific battles, economic mobilization, societal effects, and turning points. Learn about the roles of women, African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Mexican-Americans during the war. Dive into domestic conservatism, wartime propaganda, and pivotal events like the Battle of Midway and D-Day. Uncover how WWII reshaped societies, economies, and ideologies in the United States from 1941 to 1945.

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THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945

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  1. THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945 LECTURE 10 U.S. AND WORLD WAR TWO

  2. AFTER PEARL HARBOR • Losses in the Pacific (Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, Japan takes Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore, Java) • 1942: loss of the Philippines, defeat at Corregidor • Death march of Bataan • Japanese push into the South Pacific

  3. BATAAN DEATH MARCH • A Japanese war crime • 75,000 American and Filippino soldiers forced on a 97 km march • One week march in tropical heat • Physical abuse: beating, starvation, murder, surrendering soldiers seen as coward • War criminals: Masaru Homma, (1945) Hideki Tojo (1958) were executed

  4. BATAAN DEATH MARCH

  5. TURNING POINT AT THE PACIFIC • 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea-saving Australia • 1942: Battle at Midway • Admiral Nimitz v. Admiral Yamamoto • Greatest naval battle fought without ships • (bombers, carriers)

  6. BATTLE AT MIDWAY

  7. MOBILIZATION AT HOME • German submarine warfare in the Atlantic • Government orders military production • Extending military service to age 18-45 • 15 million people drafted • Churchill: Once the fire is lit under the boiler there is no limit to the power it can generate

  8. ECONOMIC CONVERSION AND MOBILIZATION • War Production Board • Office of Scientific Research and Development (radar, sonar) • War bonds • Full employment

  9. ECONOMIC MOBILIZATION • Federal government takes an active role in the economy • Guarantees loans, provides subsidies, eliminates bidding • Automobile industry converted to wartime production • 100,000 planes are produced by the end of the war

  10. ECONOMIC MOBILIZATION • Office of Price Administration • Established in 1942 • Freezes prices, controls rents, institutes rationing • Promoting self-sacrifice: use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without!

  11. EFFECT ON SOCIETY • Women:employmentinpreviouslymaledominatedjobs • Rosietheriveter, 6 millionwomen enter the labor force • WomenArmyCorps WACS • WomenAcceptedforVoluntaryEmergency Service WAVES • Doyour part, free a man for service! • Older,marriedwomenintheworkforce

  12. ROSIE THE RIVETER

  13. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Blacks: • 1941: Marchon Washington (NAACP, Brotherhood of theSleepingCarPorters) ledby A PhillipRandolph • I million serve in the armed forces and defense industry • Segregated units, but start of desegregation efforts • Govt. reinforces FairEmployment Practices • Forbidding discrimination in defense work and training programs • 1943: Detroit Race Riots

  14. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese:ImmigrationAct of 1924 barstheirimmigration • 1941: 260,000 Japanese, 150,000 livein Hawaii (smallfarmers, business people) • After Pearl Harbor, fear of Japaneseinvasion • Governor of Idaho: The Japslivelikerats, breedlikerats and actlikerats. Wedon'twantthem." • 10 relocationcamps, resembling minimum securityprisons

  15. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese: • War Relocation Camps both for Isei, Nisei • Executive order by FDR authorizing relocations • Manzanar, Topaz, • Japanese seen as security risks • Fears are unfounded

  16. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese: • 100th InfantryBattalion and the 442nd RegimentalCombat Team containingJapanesesoldiersfightbravelyonthe Italian Front. • SupremeCourtupheldtheconstitutionality of internment: Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) • Ex parte Endo: CourtdeclarestheWarRelocationAuthorityactedunconstitutionallyindetaining a citizenloyaltothe U.S.

  17. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Mexican-Americans • 1943 Zoot Suit Riot • Clash between young Mexicans and American sailors in Los Angeles • Bracero program 1942-1945

  18. ZOOT SUITERS

  19. THE HOME FRONT • Womenasmanagers of thehome, main task: rationing and dealingwithshortage of domesticresources • Carrygroceriesinstead of driving, plantvictorygardens • WhowasRosietheRiveter? • Not a promoter of changeinsociety, buttherepresentationoftheidealfemaleworker • Alldaylongwhetherrainorshine, she is part of the assembly line, she is makinghistoryworkingforvictory

  20. WARTIME PROPAGANDA • Women do their part for the war • Patriotic duty • High earnings • Glamour of work • Same as housework • Spousal pride

  21. DOMESTIC CONSERVATISM • Dissatisfaction with New Deal • Republican resurgence American Liberty League • Charles Lindbergh speaks up against U.S. involvement in the War, June 20th 1941 • Rolling back labor legislation • Criticism of working women • Children left alone, increased youth crime

  22. TURNING POINT IN EUROPE • 1941: Germany attacks the Soviet Union • 1942: Defeat of Afrika Korps at El Alamein • 1943: Stalingrad • 1944 June 6 D-Day • 1945 May 8 V-E Day

  23. D-DAY • probably the most carefully planned and executed military operation in history • combined amphibious and aerial assault across the English Channel • Importance of meteorologicinformation • Moon’sinfluenceontides • Invasionstartsat 6.30 AM • Decisionday, disembarkationday, H hour, D day

  24. D-DAY • 150,000 men, 30,000 vessels • 13,000 parachuters, 300 planesdropping 13 000 bombs • George Hicks: radiobroadcast: You see the ships lying in all directions, just like black shadows on the grey sky. . . Now planes are going overhead... Heavy fire now just behind us... bombs bursting on the shore and along in the convoys. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnomrhP6sVs

  25. THE PACIFIC OFFENSIVE • Island hopping • Three directional Allied offensive • From Australia to Japan, from Hawaii to the Central Pacific, a push to Burma, to free Southeast Asia • Capturing islands that are strategically important, bypassing others

  26. IVO JIMA • SulphurIslands, neededas an emergencylandingstripfor B-29s, preparingfortheinvasion of Japan • 36 daybattle , • 5th MarineDivision 28th Marines 110 000 men • Attackon Mount Suribachi • throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete. • 1945, February: flagraising • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnomrhP6sVs

  27. IVO JIMA

  28. IVO JIMA • ”Among the Americans serving on Iwo island, uncommon valor was a common virtue."(Adm. Chester A. Nimitz) • "Holland, the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next 500 years."(Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, after witnessing the flag raising on 23Feb45) • Storm'd at with shot and shell Bravely they rode and well Into the Jaws of Death Into the Mouth of Hell

  29. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT • July 16, 1945 Alamogordo test explosion • 428 000 acre industrial complex in New Mexico • It (the explosion) rose from the desert like a second sun, a searing, brilliant, expanding ball of fire, and it struck terror in everyone who witnessed it.Stephen Walker

  30. CLOSING THE WAR • 1945 August 6: Hiroshima • 1945 august 9: Nagasaki • President Truman ordered the dropping of the A-bomb • September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders • World War Two is over

  31. https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KLqIWHzWlUcG8AkIn7w8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTB2bWFrcG9nBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQDVjE3NQRncG9zAzI-?p=surrender+of+japan+youtube&vid=2ac622e7f02d55e0382e1eba5b927aac&l=2%3A21&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN.608002391198533882%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAsZ0qwJSbuQ&tit=%3Cb%3ESurrender+of+Japan+%3C%2Fb%3Eto+the+Allied+forces+aboard+the+USS+Missouri%2C+victims+%3Cb%3Eof+Japan%3C%2Fb%3E...HD+Stock+Footage&c=1&sigr=11a72mjme&sigt=13ifmksuc&age=0&&tt=bhttps://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KLqIWHzWlUcG8AkIn7w8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTB2bWFrcG9nBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQDVjE3NQRncG9zAzI-?p=surrender+of+japan+youtube&vid=2ac622e7f02d55e0382e1eba5b927aac&l=2%3A21&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN.608002391198533882%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAsZ0qwJSbuQ&tit=%3Cb%3ESurrender+of+Japan+%3C%2Fb%3Eto+the+Allied+forces+aboard+the+USS+Missouri%2C+victims+%3Cb%3Eof+Japan%3C%2Fb%3E...HD+Stock+Footage&c=1&sigr=11a72mjme&sigt=13ifmksuc&age=0&&tt=b

  32. NUCLEAR DAWN

  33. HIROSHIMA

  34. VJ day • https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A0LEV0_UzmlUCMIAhdNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTB0Z2JmZ2NuBHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDU1MV8x?p=vj+day+kiss+youtube&tnr=21&vid=2C3288C7797981591B522C3288C7797981591B52&l=176&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DUN.608039903428676058%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmPHRp0us9X4&sigr=11adebprp&tt=b&tit=1945+The+VJ+Day+Kiss&sigt=10k44e5dh&back=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fp%3Dvj%2Bday%2Bkiss%2Byoutube%26fr%3Dmoz2-ytff-yff30%26ei%3DUTF-8&sigb=12hp8o75i

  35. LEGACY OF WORLD WAR TWO • 400,000 deaths • Military, economic, political superpower • Formation of the military-industrial complex • Vast social changes, increasing economic role for women • Foreign policy will be built on the expectation of war • Beginning of the Cold War

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