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Republic

Republic. Government – out of the hands of one into the hands of many Senate and officers – both worked together to run the government Cursus honōrum – the course of offices taken by one in politics – quaestor, praetor and consul Other offices included tribune, aedile, censor, dictator.

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Republic

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  1. Republic Government – out of the hands of one into the hands of many Senate and officers – both worked together to run the government Cursus honōrum – the course of offices taken by one in politics – quaestor, praetor and consul Other offices included tribune, aedile, censor, dictator

  2. Republic • Punic Wars – Against Carthage 1st Punic War – 264 – 241 BC 2nd Punic War – 218 – 201 BC Hannibal conquered Spain and invaded Rome – was defeated when Scipio attacked Carthage itself and he had to return to defend it 3rd Punic War – 149-146 BC – finally totally destroyed – Cato uttered his famous phrase “Carthagodelendaest”

  3. Republic – Major People • Scipio Africanus – defeated Hannibal in 2nd Punic War – given cognomen Africanus for his victory • Cato the Elder – embodied old ideals – wrote about agriculture, philosophy, farming – also held the office of censor – • Gracchī Brothers – Gaius and Tiberius – both held the office of tribune and both were murdered for trying to pass land reform bills

  4. Wars in the Republic • Civil war between Marius and Sulla Marius – not professional soldiers – appealed to urban poor – promised land when retired - defeats Jugurtha in East BUT Sulla negotiates surrender – bad blood Sulla – brilliant military career; consul in 88 BC Struggle for power in 88 BC – fight in East against Mithridates – some wanted Marius to take command – others Sulla- Marius marches on Rome with his army Fight ensues – Marius dies in 86 BC – Sulla takes command and continues to fight Mithridates in the East

  5. Cicero • Born in 106 BC in Arpinum • No one in his family had held offices in Rome – he is a “novushomō” – a new man to the government • In 63 BC he is consul and uncovers a conspiracy to overthrow the government • Is best known as an orator, writer and senator • His letters to his friend Atticus give us a daily account of what took place in Rome at this turbulent time.

  6. Gaius Julius Caesar • Born in 100 BC • Was a Populares – wanted to help the people not the aristocracy • Enters politics about 78 BC • 60 BC begins an alliance with Pompey and Crassus – First Triumvirate • 59 BC – holds consulship - • In Gaul from 58-50 BC – conquers huge expanses of territory – loyal army • 49 BC – civil war with Pompey – takes his army and marches on Rome – crosses Rubicon • 48 BC – defeats Pompey at Battle of Pharsalus

  7. Late Republic – An overview • Caesar joins with Pompey and Crassus to form the 1st Triumvirate • Caesar and Pompey have a falling out and become bitter enemies – second major civil war begins • Caesar eventually gains control – is given title of dictator for 6 months • When time is up, declares himself dictator for life – people are concerned • Brutus and Cassius plan a conspiracy – 44 BC Ides of March – Caesar is assassinated

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