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SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM. Function . Support Protection Movement Blood cell production Energy storage. Axial Skeleton. The axis of your body Composed of 6 parts Human skull Ossicles of the middle ear Hyoid bone of the throat Rib cage Sternum Vertebral column.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

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  1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

  2. Function • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell production • Energy storage

  3. Axial Skeleton • The axis of your body • Composed of 6 parts • Human skull • Ossicles of the middle ear • Hyoid bone of the throat • Rib cage • Sternum • Vertebral column

  4. Appendicular Skeleton Everything else that hangs off your body • Shoulder girdles • Shoulder blades • Collar bones • Upper Limbs • Arms • Wrist • Hands • Pelvic girdle • Hip bones • Lower Limbs • Legs • Ankles • feet

  5. Osteoporosis • A medical condition • Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue • Result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

  6. Osteoporosis • Caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra • Loss of height over time which leads to a stooped posture • Bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64cdb71pgkQ

  7. Go See a Doctor • Early menopause • Experience a loss of height • A bone break easily than expected • Taken corticosteroids (any of a group of steroids hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically) for a lenghty period of time • Family history

  8. Ossification • The process of creating and growing bones - It replaces embryotic tissue with bone tissue. • A person would be a soft mound of blood, water, and flesh without this

  9. Two types of ossification • Both types rely on the thyroid hormone calcitonin, which regulates metabolism of calcium.

  10. Bursitis: a bone disease • Symptoms • Pain • Loss of motion in affected area – “adhesive capsulitis” • Causes pain in the body’s joints • Most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints • It is caused by the inflammation of the bursa (small fluid-filled bags that act as lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over bones) • It can happen from a direct hit or a nearby joint repeating the same movement • Most commonly happens with sports injuries.

  11. Bursitis of the elbow

  12. treatment • Physical therapy • Surgery (if serious enough) • Anti- inflammatory drugs • Resting Bursitis of the knee

  13. Fibrous dysplasia • Abone disorder in which scar-like (fibrous) tissue develops in place of normal bone • It is a chronic condition of the skeleton • A portion of a bone develops abnormally • As the bone grows, the softer, fibrous tissue expands, weakening the bone • Fibrous dysplasia can cause the affected bone to deform and become more likely to fracture • The fibrous tissue may stop growing, but it will never go away

  14. Etiologies • Begins before birth, but is usually not diagnosed until the mid 20s. • It is caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce bone. • It is not inherited or passed on to the children of affected patients. • No dietary or environmental cause is known. • It occurs equally among males and females of all races.

  15. The right leg shows the normal bone, while the left shows a leg with fibrous dysplasia

  16. Fibrous Dysplasia of the mouth

  17. Two types

  18. Symptoms • Pain – starts with dull ache that gets worse with activity • Fractures – the weakened area may break, causing severe sharp pain • Deformity – the weakened area of the bone may change the shape. Deformity of the facial bones and bowing of the leg bones can be noticeable. • Early puberty – over activity of ovaries • Difficulty walking – bones in the leg are not strong enough to support the body

  19. Treatment • If there's no pain – x-rays and check up • Pain – mediation or surgery • When surgery takes place – stabilization of the bone with rods or plates and screws can be useful to fix a fracture or deformity or to prevent bone breakage • Usually scooping out (curettage) of the fibrous dysplasia is performed along with bone grafting • Over time, the bone graft placed in the defect often is absorbed and replaced with more fibrous dysplasia

  20. long bone • Make Red blood cells, Store Minerals, and give support.

  21. Cartilage • Act as a shock absorber (cover with shiny, smooth, low friction) friction-less surface • Helps bone pass each other very smoothly

  22. Compact bone • compact bone provides inorganic components so that new bone tissue can be formed. • Protecting a bone from damage and/or stress What compact bone looks like

  23. Cancellous bone (Spongy bone) • At the ends of the long bones • It has more blood vessels and usually contains bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced. • Bone Marrow-produce the different types of blood cells that make up a healthy blood cell count.

  24. Function joint articulation • Weakest parts of the skeleton • Site where two or more bones meet • Give the skeleton mobility • Hold the skeleton together

  25. Stages to Heal a broken bone • First there will be blood around it and it will form a sort of scab over the broken portions • Next tougher tissue will start to grow over the broken area called collagen • The collagen with cartilage will bridge the gap between the two sides of the break. • This bridge will continue to transform and harden until the bone is healed • The broken bone needs to rest until it is full healed.

  26. The power of COCO • A study by researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine and VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) • Found that patients with advanced heart failure and type 2 diabetes showed improved mitochondrial structure after three months of treatment with epicatechin-enriched cocoa.

  27. What? • Mitochondria: the part of the cell that is responsible for changing glucose into chemical energy • What allows you to move around, pick things up, go for a run, ect… • People with both type 2 diabetes and heart failure have messed up “power houses” • This leads to abnormalities in skeletal muscle – they have a hard time doing everyday activities

  28. The Experiement • Given 100 mg of epicatechin (flavor found in dark chocolate) per day for 3 months • The trial participants consumed dark chocolate bars and a beverage with a total epicatechin content of approximately 100 mg per day for three months • Increase in the number of mitochondria volume and the abundance of cristae (internal compartments of mitochondria that are necessary for efficient function of the mitochondria) were both evident

  29. So… • Cristae numbers back toward normal levels, • Increases in several molecules that are needed for the production of mitochondria • Showed improvement in skeletal and heart muscle function after treatment with epicatechin

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