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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM . D. C. Mikulecky Faculty Mentoring Program Virginia Commonwealth University. ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. TESTIS SCROTUM PENIS SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND, BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS EPIDIDYMUS, VAS DEFERENS, URETHRA. TESTES.

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM D. C. Mikulecky Faculty Mentoring Program Virginia Commonwealth University

  2. ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • TESTIS • SCROTUM • PENIS • SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND, BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS • EPIDIDYMUS, VAS DEFERENS, URETHRA

  3. TESTES • PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OR GONADS • PRODUCTION OF SPERM • SUSPENDED OUTSIDE THE BODY CAVITY BY SCROTUM

  4. PENIS • DEPOSITS SPERM IN FEMALE • ERECTILE TISSSUE (VASCULAR) • ERECTION RESULTS FROM GORGING TISSUE WITH BLOOD • ERECTION IS A PARASYMPATHETIC SPINAL REFLEX TO TACTILE AND OTHER STIMULATION ENHANCED BY SYMPATHETIC INHIBITION

  5. SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND, BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS • PROVIDE THE BULK OF THE SEMEN, A MIXTURE OF SECRETIONS, SPERM AND MUCOUS • FRUCTOSE AND PROSTAGLANDINS FROM SEMINAL VESSICLES • ALKALINITY AND CLOTTING ENZYMES FROM PROSTATE • LUBRICANT FOR INTERCOURSE FROM BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

  6. EPIDIDYMUS, VAS DEFERENS, URETHRA: EJACULATION • ROUTE OF EXIT OF SPERM • DUCTUS DEFERNS STORES SPERM • DURING EMMISSION PHASE OF EJACULATION SPERM ARE EMPTIED INTO URETHRA BY SYMPATHETICALLY INDUCED CONTRACTIONS • MOTOR NEURON INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AT BASE OF PENIS EXPELL THE SEMEN DURING EXPULSION PHASE OF EJACULATION • EJACULATION IS A PART OF ORGASM

  7. ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • VAGINA • UTERUS • CERVIX • CLITORIS • LABIA • OVARIES • OVIDUCTS

  8. VAGINA • ENTRANCE TO UTERUS • PLACE WHERE PENIS INSERTS TO DEPOSIT SPERM • MUSCULAR, EXPANSIBLE TUBE

  9. UTERUS • MAINTAINS FETUS DURING PREGNANCY • MUSCULATURE CONTRACTS TO EXPEL FETUS AT BIRTH

  10. CERVIX • LOWEST PORTION OF THE UTERUS • PROJECTS INTO VAGINA • CERVICAL CANAL SERVES AS PATHWAY FOR SPERM DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE • PASSAGWAY FOR DELIVERY OF BABY FROM UTERUS

  11. CLITORIS • ERECTILE TISSUE ANALOGOUS TO PENIS IN MALE • SENSITIVE AND EROTIC • AT FOLD OF LABIA MINORA

  12. LABIA • SKIN FOLDS • MAJORA- OUTER • MINORA-INNER • AROUND VAGINAL AND URETHRAL OPENINGS

  13. OVARIES • FEMALE GONADS • IN ABDOMEN • PRODUCE OVA • SECRETE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

  14. OVIDUCTS • LINK OVARIES TO UTERUS • FALOPIAN OR UTERINE TUBES • PICK UP OVA AT OVULATION • SITE FOR FERTILIZATION

  15. SEXUAL INTERCOURSE • COITUS OR COPULATION • AT SOME POINT PENIS IS INSERTED INTO VAGINA • SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

  16. THE FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL CYCLE • EXCITEMENT • PLATEAU • ORGASM • RESOLUTION

  17. EXCITEMENT • CAN BE INITIATED PHYSICALLY (TACTILE STIMULI)AND/OR PSYCHOLOGICALLY • CLITORIS, SURROUNDING PERINEAL AREA AND PENIS ARE PRIMARY AREAS FOR THIS • OTHER SENSITIVE AREAS MAY CONTRIBUTE IF STIMULATED, BREASTS, TESTICLES, ETC. • ERECTION OF PENIS AND CLITORIS RESULT (CLITORIS IS A HOMOLOGUE OF THE PENIS) • LUBRICATION FROM VAGINAL CAPILLARIES, GLANDS AT OPENING OF VAGINA AND PENIS PREPARE FOR INTERCOURSE

  18. PLATEAU • INTENSIFICATION OF CHANGES DURING EXCITEMENT PHASE • HEART RATE AND BREATHING CHANGES • MUSCLE TENSION INCREASES • VAGINA TIGHTENS AROUND PENIS HEIGHTENING SENSATION • UTERUS RAISES UPWARD CREATING SPACE FOR EJACULATE

  19. MALE ORGASM • RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS DURING SEMEN EXPULSION • INVOLUNTARY RHYTHMIC THROBBING OF PELVIC MUSCLES • BREATHING AND HEART RATE INCREASED • EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: RELEASE AND COMPLETE GRATIFICATION • RESOLUTION PHASE INVOLVES SYMPATHETIC VASOCONSTRICTION • A REFRACTORY PERIOD PREVENTS MULTIPLE ORGASMS IN THE MALE

  20. EPIDIDYMUS, VAS DEFERENS, URETHRA: EJACULATION • ROUTE OF EXIT OF SPERM • DUCTUS DEFERNS STORES SPERM • DURING EMMISSION PHASE OF EJACULATION SPERM ARE EMPTIED INTO URETHRA BY SYMPATHETICALLY INDUCED CONTRACTIONS • MOTOR NEURON INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AT BASE OF PENIS EXPELL THE SEMEN DURING EXPULSION PHASE OF EJACULATION • EJACULATION IS A PART OF ORGASM

  21. FEMALE ORGASM • PARALLELS THAT IN MALES WITH TWO EXCEPTIONS • NO COUNTERPART TO EJACULATION • NO REFRACTORY PERIOD-MULTIPLE ORGASMS POSSIBLE

  22. SEX DETERMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATION • SEX CHROMOSOMES X AND Y • 22 PAIRS AUTOSOMAL • 1 PAIR DETERMINES SEX: XX OR XY • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND EXTERNAL GENETALIA DEVELOP REGARDLESS • TESTOSTERONE PRODUCES MALE CHARACTERISTICS • EVIDENT AFTER 10 TO 12 WEEKS

  23. MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY • DEPENDS ON TESTOSTERONE • TESTICULAR LEYDIG CELLS SECRETE TESTOSTERONE • TESTES DESCEND AND PASS OUT OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY

  24. TESTOSTERONE: BEFORE BIRTH • BEFORE BIRTH:MASCULINIZES REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND EXTERNAL GENETALIA • DESCENT OF TESTES • CEASES AT BIRTH • RETURNS AT PUBERTY

  25. PUBERTY IN THE MALE • USUALLY 10-14 YEARS OLD • ENDOCRINE,PHYSICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL • LEYDIG CELLS “AWAKE”

  26. TESTOSTERONE: AT PUBERTY • SPERMATOGENESIS • ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS ENLARGE AND BECOME SECRETORY • PENIS AND SCROTUM ENLARGE • LIBIDO

  27. EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE ON SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS • HAIR GROWTH PATTERN • DEEP VOICE • THICK SKIN • MALE BODY CONFIGURATION

  28. OTHER EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE • BONE GROWTH • PROTEIN ANABOLIC EFFECT • EVENTUALLY STOPS BONE GROWTH • AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR(IN ANIMALS) • MALE MENOPAUSE

  29. CONTROL OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION HYPOTHALAMUS GRH + ANTERIOR PITUITARY FSH LH TESTES SERTOLI CELL LEYDIG CELL SPERMATOGENESIS TESTOSTERONE INHIBIN

  30. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY • CYCLIC • OOGENESIS • FERTILIZATION • PREGNANCY • DELIVERY • MENOPAUSE

  31. THE OVARIAN CYCLE • FOLLICULAR PHASE • LEUTEAL PHASE • ONLY INTERRUPTED BY PREGNANCY • ENDS AT MENOPAUSE

  32. FOLLICULAR PHASE • PRIMARY OOCYTE IS IN A PREPARATORY PHASE • FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION • OVULATION • ESTROGEN SECRETED FROM FOLLICLE

  33. LEUTEAL PHASE • AFTER OVULATION • DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM • SECRETES PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN • DEGENERATES AFTER 2 WEEKS IF NOT FERTILIZED

  34. IF NOT FERTILIZED • CORPUS LEUTEUM DEGENERATES • ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS FALL • MENSTRUAL PHASE INVOLVES SLOUGHING OF PREPARED ENDOMETRIUM • NEW CYCLE STARTS-NEW FOLLICLES DEVELOP AND BEGIN SECRETING ESTROGEN

  35. CONTROL OF FSH AND LH SECRETION DURING FOLLICULAR PHASE HYPOTHALAMUS GRH + ANTERIOR PITUITARY FSH LH OVARY LOW LEVELS OF ESTROGEN INHIBIN

  36. CONTROL OF LH SURGE AT OVULATION HYPOTHALAMUS GNRH + ANTERIOR PITUITARY FSH LH OVARY MATURE FOLLICLE HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN OVULATION

  37. FEEDBACK CONTROL DURING LUTEAL PHASE HYPOTHALAMUS GNRH + ANTERIOR PITUITARY LH OVARY CORPUS LUTEUM HIGH LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE MODERATE LEVELS OF ESTROGEN

  38. FERTILIZATION • IN OVIDUCT • SPERM DEPOSITED IN VAGINA AT EJACULATION • TRAVEL TO OVIDUCT TAKES A LITTLE OVER 1/2 HOUR • CERVICAL CANAL IS OPEN DUE TO ESTROGEN BEING HIGH AND REMAINS OPEN TWO TO THREE DAYS • SPERM ENTER UTERUS AND ARE CHURNED AROUND • WHEN REACH OVIDUCT, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS PROPELL THEM ONWARD • MATURE EGG RELEASES A CHEMOTACTIC AGENT • OUT OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION ONLY A FEW THOUSAND MAKE IT • TAIL OF SPERM MANEUVERS IT FOR FINAL PENETRATION

  39. HORMONES OF PREGNANCY • PLACENTA IS ORGAN OF EXCHANGE • PLACENTA SECRETES HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)-PROLONGS LIFE OF CORPUS LUTEUM • ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS EVEN HIGHER NOW • AFTER 10 WEEKS PLACENTA TAKES OVER

  40. PARTURITION • POSITIVE FEEDBACK • CERVICAL DILATION • DELIVERY • DELIVERY OF PLACENTA

  41. LACTATION • MAMMARY GLANDS OR BREASTS • MILK PRODUCING GLANDS AND FAT • ACTION OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE IS TO PREPARE GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY • ALSO BLOCK PROLACTIN’S STIMULATION • OXYTOCIN-MILK EJECTION • SUCKLING TRIGGERS OXYTOCIN RELEASE

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