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Chapter 39

Chapter 39. The End of Empire. Decolonization in Asia. India. The Jewel of the Crown Legacy of British colonialism Deep division between Hindus, Muslims Role of Mohandas Ghandi. “Vivisection” of India (Ghandi). Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party

brennan-saunders
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Chapter 39

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  1. Chapter 39 The End of Empire

  2. Decolonization in Asia

  3. India • The Jewel of the Crown • Legacy of British colonialism • Deep division between Hindus, Muslims • Role of Mohandas Ghandi

  4. “Vivisection” of India (Ghandi) • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League • Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party • 1947 partition • 500,000 killed • 10 million refugees • India moves toward nonalignment position • The “third path”

  5. Muslims leave India, 1947

  6. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam • French reassert control after WW II • Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Communist leader mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954 • Vietnam divided at 17th parallel • Civil war between north (Communist) and south • President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins increasing US involvement

  7. Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

  8. The Issue of Palestine • After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence • Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars • Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) • Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s • Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

  9. Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

  10. Creation of the State of Israel • Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution • Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized • May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel • Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

  11. The Six-Day War (June 1967) • Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970) takes leadership position in Arab world • Attempts to block Suez traffic, conflict with Israel • Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike • Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights • Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace treaty signed • Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved

  12. The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982

  13. Decolonization in Africa (date is year of independence)

  14. Decolonization in Africa • 19th century “scramble for Africa” • Legacy of colonial competition • Internal divisions • Tribal • Ethnic • Linguistic • religious

  15. France and North Africa • Abandonment of most territories • 1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960 • But determination to retain Algeria • Longer period of French colonization • 2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

  16. Algerian War of Liberation • 1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France • Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945 • 500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 • War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 • Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

  17. Négritude: “Blackness” • Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA • Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization • Connection with socialism, Communism • Geopolitical implications

  18. Post-Independence Difficulties • Pax Romana of European colonists • Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola • Economic hardship • Instability of democratic regimes

  19. Afrocentrism • Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana • Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

  20. In 1949, the Convention People's Party (CPP), led by Nkrumah organized workers and farmers for the first time in a mass movement for independent and staged strikes.  A new constitution was introduced by Nkrumah's government to provide direct election by universal suffrage in 1954. But his government was opposed by the National Liberation Movement (NLM), led by Kofi Busia and based on the Asante region.  NLM criticized CPP for its limitation on the powers of chiefs.  As a result of this, the NLM pushed for the establishment of a federal state with regional governments, while CPP advocated a unitary state.  Another constitution was approved on April 29, 1954, establishing a cabinet comprised of African ministers that were drawn from an all-African legislature chosen by direct election.  In the election, CPP won the majority of seat in the new legislative assembly (Republic of Ghana, 4).     Prime Minister Nkrumah's Gold Coast government issued a white paper containing proposals for Gold Coast independence in May 1956.  The British government agreed to a firm date for independence when a majority of British Togoland residents voted for unification with an independent Gold Coast.  On March 6, 1957, the state of Ghana, named after the medieval West African empire, became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations.

  21. Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

  22. Kenya • Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 • 1952 state of emergency declared • Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans • Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962

  23. Tarnishing of Independence • Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships • Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries • Political immaturity of colonies

  24. Communism and Democracy in China • Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering • Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) • Great step backward • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Targeted intellectuals, teachers, professionals, managers, and anyone associated with western ideals • Both huge failures

  25. Mao died in 1976 • Deng Xiaopeng (1904-1997) comes to power in 1981, moderates Maoism • Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies nevertheless subdued, 1989

  26. Indian Democracy • Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi (1917-1984) • Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas • “Green Revolution” increases agricultural yields • Repressive policies to slow population growth, including forced sterilization • Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards after attack on Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984

  27. Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity • Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world • Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom Kippur war • Attacked on Jewish holy day • Anwar Sadat (Egypt, 1918-1981) negotiates peace treaty with Israel • Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists

  28. Movements toward Peace in the Middle East • Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) signs peace accord with Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat (1929-2004) • Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist • Creation of Palestine Authority in West Bank and Gaza

  29. Islamism • Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism • Jihad: holy war • CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979 • Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years • Shut down US facilities, confiscated economic ventures

  30. Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats

  31. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) • Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 1937-2006 ) uses oil, US support to build huge military machine • Attacks Iran, 1980 • Massive destruction, ends in stalemate • Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991) • US-led coalition drives him out, imposes sanctions • President George W. Bush (1946- ) attacks in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003, occupies Iraq

  32. Developments in Latin America • Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land • Argentina: military dominate politics • Juan Perón (1895-1974) elected president, 1946 • Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular (1919-1952) • Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as local governments attempt to control US economic interests • Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist Contra forces

  33. Establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) • Formed 1963 • Declared boundaries permanent • Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts • Promotion of Pan-Africanism • Failure to prevent ethnic strife, even Nkrumah deposed 1966

  34. South Africa • Apartheid (1948) • 87% of territory for whites • Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands” • African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955) • Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA

  35. Nelson Mandela

  36. Dismantling of Apartheid • Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990 • Negotiation of end of white minority rule • 1994 elections bring ANC to power • Relatively calm transition to democratic society • Strength of SA economy

  37. Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity • Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African societies • Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed • Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates • Nearly 1m killed

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