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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Classical Greece p. 128-161. Athens Builds an Empire. Delian League formed to defend the Greek states in case Persia attacked again Created by Aristeides Each state signed a defence treaty with Athens and agreed to pay tribute towards maintaining a common fleet

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Classical Greece p. 128-161

  2. Athens Builds an Empire • Delian League formed to defend the Greek states in case Persia attacked again • Created by Aristeides • Each state signed a defence treaty with Athens and agreed to pay tribute towards maintaining a common fleet • Athens provided all the officials and commanders of the league • Treasury and meetings were held at the sanctuary of Apollo on the island of Delos

  3. Delian League • Was originally voluntary, but soon became forced • Kimon moulded the League into an effective force to fight the Persians – beat them in 467 BCE • After this success, Periclesof Athens freed the Greeks on the island of Cyprus and helped in a revolt in Egypt • Persians wiped out the Greek fleet on the Nile • In 454 BCE, Pericles moved the treasury to Athens  League now an empire controlled by Athens

  4. Pericles and Democracy

  5. Pericles and Democracy • Athens enjoyed its greatest period of wealth and power (30 years) under Pericles • Democracy • Every citizen could speak and vote on every piece of legislation in the Assembly • Every citizen had an equal chance to hold public office (except general) • All law cases were decided by juries of between 201 and 1501 people • All civic offices elected for 1 year terms and candidates selected by a lottery – even Pericles was elected annually to the Board of Generals • Was paid to be on the Council, juries, and civic offices

  6. Rivalry Between Sparta and Athens • Kimon had diffused the rivalry between Sparta and Athens, then in 462 BCE, Sparta asked for help from Athens during the Helot Revolt, but when the Athenians arrived, Sparta refused their help • Kimon had convinced the Athenians to help, but when Sparta refused, he was ostracized and Pericles rose to power

  7. Athens vs. Sparta • During the leadership of Pericles, Athens tried to build up a land empire • Threat to Sparta • Increased tensions between Athens and Sparta • In 445 BCE, signed a 30-year peace treaty • Sparta led the Peloponnesian League in central Greece • Athens held the coast and islands in the Aegean

  8. Differences Between Athens and Sparta Sparta Athens Sea power Democracy Leader in culture Progressive, wealthy, trading nation Expanded its empire for power and wealth • Land power • Conservative, oligarchic government • Backwards in terms of trade, wealthy, and culture • Sought leadership to protect itself and its interests, not for wealth, power, or expansion

  9. The Peloponnesian War

  10. Causes • Many Greek cities resented Athens’ domination of the Delian League • Some revolted against Athens • Sparta and Athens were long time rivals • Sparta led the Peloponnesian League to oppose the Delian League

  11. Athens strategy • Naval power • Surround Sparta by sea • Prevent food and supplies from reaching Peloponnesian League

  12. Sparta Strategy • Sparta had a strong army • Surround Athens and prevent it from raising food around the city • Did not have a navy until the end of the War

  13. Stalemate • For much of the war, neither side could gain the upper hand over the other • With a few short period of peace in between, it lasted 30 years

  14. Plague • Athens was severely weakened when a plague broke out • It killed almost 1/3 of the population including Pericles, Athens’ able leader

  15. Syracuse Expedition • The Athenians made a huge mistake in 416 BC, they invaded Sicily to conquer Sparta’s ally, Syracuse. • They hoped to destroy the Spartan’s food supply • They were surrounded and annihilated

  16. The war ends • Syracuse weakened the Athenians, but they held out for over 10 more years • The Spartans finally conquered Athens in 404 • Athens had to give up its navy and empire • Athens had to follow Spartan foreign policy

  17. Aftermath • Athens was the strongest, now Sparta • Much of Greece lie in ruin • Greece was severely weakened economically and militarily • Greek culture slowed

  18. Thucydides • Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War • Fought in the war as an Athenian commander • Refused to help the Athenians near Amphipoli in 424 BCE, which ruined his military career went into exile • Lived to see the end of the war, though his book ends mid-sentence in the year 411 BCE

  19. The Classical Moment

  20. Literature • During the rule of Pericles, Athenian society reached a cultural peak • Playwright SophoclesAntigone • Playwrights Aeschylus and Euripides homed to improve their world by examining serious issues like the basis of justice and the status of women • Comic playwright, Aristophanes, wanted to change the world by making fun of it • In Lysistrata, he had the women refuse to have sex with their husbands until the men ended their war

  21. Architecture

  22. The Parthenon • Most celebrated building is the Parthenon, built during the rule of Pericles • Was to show off wealth and power of Athens • Designed by Pheidias and Ictinus • Temple to Athena – inspired by Greek victory of the Persians • Skills used were learned 200 years earlier in Egypt • Most of the magnificent sculpture now in the British Museum • Depicted mythological battles • In the cella was a 12 m statue of Athena made of ivory and gold on a wooden frame

  23. Statues in Parthenon

  24. Statue of Athena (Reproduction)

  25. The Road to Persia: Alexander the Great • After Peloponnesian War, Sparta, with Persian support, tried to dominate other Greek states  new alliances made • Corinth joined with Athens • Thebes defeated Sparta and assumed Greek leadership (371-362 BCE) • Ended with the death of general Epaminoandas • New power would dominate – Macedonia

  26. Philip of Macedon • Macedonians spoke Greek • Farmers and shepherds • Behind in wealth and culture • Several kings united the Macedonians and brought them success in battle • Key figure was Philip the Great

  27. Philip the Great • Had been a hostage in Thebes for 3 years • Learned battle tactics there • Defeated the southern Greeks at the Battle of Chaeonaea in338 BCE  first time all mainland Greeks united under single leader • Before he could turn on the Persians, Philip was assassinated by one of his own officers at a wedding celebration • Archaeologists may have found his elaborate tomb at Verginia in northern Greece

  28. Alexander the Great • Became king at 20 • Student of Aristotle • One of the most successful military leaders of all time • In 334 BCE, set out to defeat the Persians • Conquered the Near East all the way to India – never returned to Europe again

  29. Alexander’s Empire

  30. How did Alexander do it? • Only had 35 000 foot soldiers • Macedonian army represented the ultimate in improved Greek warfare • Army led by commanders all devoted to Alexander • Persian king Darius, lead by force and was a despot • Once Alexander defeated the Persian foot soldiers, the others lost their will to fight • Battle of Gaugamela on 1 October 331 BCEwas the final defeat of the Persians

  31. Eastward ho • Alexander was not satisfied with taking over the Persian empire, so he forced his army against several other empires, and ended up in India • Wanted to reach the Indian Ocean, but realized he needed to be able to govern this huge empire • Tried to make the Greek culture and language a unifying force • Respected the customs and laws of the peoples he conquered • Unfortunately, Alexander died of an illness before his 33rd birthday (323 BCE)

  32. Legends About Alexander the Great • Many legends about Alexander the Great, including a few about his birth and about his solving of the Gordian knot • Extraordinary events occurred on the day of Alexander’s birth that foretold his greatness • Was told whoever could unravel the Gordian knot would rule the world cut through the knot with his sword • Legends usually have an element of truth

  33. The Hellenistic Age • Death of Alexander separates the Classical Age (480-323 BCE) from the Hellenistic Age (323-31 BCE) • Greek culture became the common culture through the Near East • Teachers, soldiers, craftsmen, artists, writers, and merchants went to the newly conquered lands to find fame and fortune • Alexander founded over 70 cities • Greek became the language of the educated class and Greek literature and arts were the epitome of perfection

  34. Division of Alexander’s Empire • Divided by three generals into three kingdoms • Seleucus took over Asiatic part of empire Seleucid dynasty • Ptolemy took over Africa (Egypt and Libya)  Ptolemaic dynasty – last one being Cleopatra • Antigonus took European portion, including Greece and Macedonia Antigonid dynasty • Smaller kingdoms like Pergamon and Rhodes were involved in feuds and were eventually taken over by Rome in 31 BCE • Macedonia became a Roman province in 148 BCE

  35. City-states • Was stability in the city-states • Maintained independence in their internal affairs • Democracy still the method of government • Wealthier citizens gained more power and the average citizen lost interest in participating in government • Two leagues were formed – Aetolian and Achaean – to counter the influence of great powers • Were no match for Rome, however

  36. Citizens, Slaves, and Foreigners • In census of Athens in 317 BCE, Demetrius of Phaleron, governor found • 21 000 citizens (men only) • 10 000 metics (foreigners) • 400 000 slaves • Due to large number of people captured during Alexander the Great’s campaigns • Slave dealers also rescuing abandoned babies

  37. Continued • Only men could be citizens • Women couldn’t vote, hold office, or own property, but had protection within the family • Metics had to pay taxes and contribute to the city, but could not vote, hold office, or own land • Slaves had no rights • Not a crime to abuse or kill a slave • Could gain their freedom from their masters

  38. Greek Culture

  39. Greek Philosophers

  40. Greek Philosophers Philosophers – “lovers of wisdom” Sophists – “workers of wisdom” – Teachers phileo = love sophia = wisdom If sophia = wisdom and moron = fool, then a sophomore is a “wise fool.”

  41. Thales of Miletus636-546 B.C. • Earliest known philosopher • Studied Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and mathematics • Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed laws • Basic element – water. • Got rich with olive presses!

  42. The Three Most Famous Philosophers Socrates Plato Aristotle

  43. Socrates469 - 399 B.C. • Critic of the Sophists • Encouraged students to think • Left no writings – skeptical • Dialectic method • Conversational • Based upon reason and logic • Popular among the youth • a “gadfly” in Athens • Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth • Was executed in 399 – drank poison hemlock

  44. Socrates469 - 399 B.C. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” - Socrates -

  45. Socrates469 - 399 B.C. Socratic Method: • Admit ignorance. • Never rely on tradition. • Continuously question. • Formulate your own opinions. • Test your opinions with others.

  46. Socrates469 - 399 B.C. • Socrates’ dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers. • Earlier philosophers were interested in the nature of the universe and basic elements. • Socrates’ approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of logic. • Most famous student: Plato

  47. Socrates469 - 399 B.C. “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

  48. Plato427 - 347 B.C. • Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates • Most important source of info on Socrates • Founded the Academy • Wrote dialogues • Universal Forms was a recurring theme • The Republic – most important dialogue “Those things which are beautiful are also difficult.”

  49. Aristotle384 - 322 B.C. • Most famous student of Plato • Most famous teacher of Alexander the Great • Developed Logic as a field of study • Devised a complex system of classification • Used in biology • Views on Government

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