Tutorial 2 Dr Andy Mayers amayersbournemouth.ac.uk

1. Tutorial 2Dr Andy Mayersamayers@bournemouth.ac.uk 

2. Heritability Referencing Research methods TMA 02 (a brief look) The plan for today

3. In groups, discuss: Why are twin studies used to examine genetic influence? What are the two types of twin used? In what way do they differ? How is correlation used? What does it show when there is a significant difference between these twin groups? What else do we need to examine when using twin studies? Heritability

4. More heritable a behaviour is found to be� More likely it is genetically rooted Twins used to examine extent of genetic influence And explore causes of childhood disorders such as autism Monozygotic twins (MT) ? identical ? share same 100% genetic make-up Dizygotic twins (DT) ? fraternal ? only as similar as any sibling ? 50% of gene similarity If concordance found between MT and (say) autism And it is significantly higher than found with DT This suggests genetic influence Heritability

5. Might not be whole picture MT twins often treated same - dressed same, similar names� To reduce �environmental� effect some researchers use adoptive-twin studies Twins studied who were separated at birth If still higher concordance for MT than DT ? Strong case for genetic influence BUT� some adoption agencies try place children in similar environment! Heritability

6. ED209 differs from almost all other courses in respect of referencing Particularly when citing secondary sources Normally, you would cite the original author and source in text e.g. Whiting & Whiting, 1975 (as cited in Woodhead, 2005) The full source details for Woodhead is then shown in the reference list BUT ED209 IS DIFFERENT! Referencing

7. The difference occurs when you cite secondary sources So Whitings� work from Chapter 1, cited as follows: In the text: Whiting and Whiting (1975) observed� In references: Whiting B.B. & Whiting J.W.M. (1975), as cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 36 AND provide ONE full reference for Woodhead chapter Woodhead, M. (2005) �Children and development�, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood. Oxford. Open University. You may have several citations from that chapter Referencing

8. In the end your reference list may look like this: Bandura, A. (1965), cited in Oates, Sheehy & Wood (2005), p. 60 Oates, J., Sheehy, K, & Wood, C. (2005) �Theories of development�, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Open University. Shaffer, D.R. (1993), cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 23 Vygotsky, L. S. (1981), cited in Oates, Sheehy & Wood (2005), p. 72 Whiting B.B. & Whiting J.W.M. (1975), cited in Woodhead (2005) p. 36 Woodhead, M. (2005) �Children and development�, in Oates, J., Wood, C. and Grayson, A. (eds.) Psychological Development and Early Childhood, Oxford, Blackwell/The Open University. Referencing

9. TMA02 focuses on your understanding of Research Methods In your groups, discuss: Why are true experiments problematic in human research? How do natural and quasi-experiments overcome that? Define validity and reliability? How should we address ethical issues in research with children? What are confounding variables? Research methods

10. TMA02 is a little different other assignments Focuses on a research example From which you must answer 9 questions Research design Ecological validity Variables: IV vs. DV Missing variables Ethics and consent Reliability Data protection Data analysis TMA02