Chapter 10: Agriculture

1. Chapter 10: Agriculture The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture • Agriculture = deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals • Cultivate = “to care for” • Crop = any plant cultivated by people

3. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture • Hunter-gatherers • Perhaps 250,000 remaining today • Invention of agriculture • When it began = unclear • Diffused from many hearths

4. Crop Hearths Figure 10-2

5. Animal Hearths Figure 10-3

6. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture • Subsistence = produced mainly for the farm family’s survival • Most common in LDCs • Commercial = produced mainly for sale off the farm • Most common in MDCs

7. Agriculture and Climate Figure 10-4

8. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture • Five characteristics distinguish commercial from subsistence agriculture • Purpose of farming • Percentage of farmers in the labor force • Use of machinery • Farm size • Relationship of farming to other businesses

9. Second Agriculture Revolution • A series of innovations, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution). eg. • seed drill • new crops-potatoes & corn • advances in livestock breeding • new soil preparation methods & new fertilizers

10. Agricultural Workers Figure 10-5

11. Area of Farmland Per Tractor Figure 10-6

12. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Shifting cultivation • Most prevalent in low-latitude, A-type climates • Two features: • Land is cleared by slashing and burning debris • Slash-and-burn agriculture • Land is tended for only a few years at a time • Types of crops grown vary regionally • Traditionally, land is not owned individually

13. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Pastoral nomadism (herding domesticated animals) • Found primarily in arid and semiarid B-type climates • Animals are seldom eaten • The size of the herd indicates power and prestige • Type of animal depends on the region • For example, camels are favored in North Africa and Southwest Asia • Transhumance practiced by some pastoral nomads

14. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Intensive subsistence • Found in areas with high population and agricultural densities • Especially in East, South, and Southeast Asia • To maximize production, little to no land is wasted • Intensive with wet rice dominant • Intensive with wet rice not dominant

15. Rice Production Figure 10-12

16. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Plantation farming • Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia • Products are grown in LDCs but typically are sold to MDCs • Plantations specialize in one or two cash crops • Important crops = coffee, sugarcane, cotton, rubber, and tobacco • A large labor force is usually needed in sparsely settled regions

17. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Mixed crop and livestock farming • Most land = devoted to crops • Most profits = derive from the livestock • Dairy farming • Regional distribution: the milkshed • Two primary challenges • Labor-intensive • Expense of winter feed

18. Corn (Maize) Production Figure 10-15

19. Milk Production Figure 10-17

20. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Grain farming • The largest commercial producer of grain = the United States • Livestock ranching • Practiced in marginal environments • Mediterranean agriculture • Based on horticulture • Commercial gardening and fruit farming • Truck farms

21. Wheat Production Figure 10-19

22. Meat Production Figure 10-21

23. Von Thünen Model • Von Thünen Model • What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town. • Cost of transportation governs use of land. • First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.

24. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? Figure 10-24 • Challenges for commercial farmers • Access to markets is important • The von Thünen model (1826) • The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market

25. Von Thünen • Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) wrote Der Isolierte Staat (The Isolated State) which is the foundation of location theory. • Noted how crops near Rostock, Germany changed with no change in soil-mapped the pattern • With terrain, soils and rainfall the same he created the ringed-pattern • Noted that transportation costs governed land use

26. Von Thünen Model

27. Application of Von Thünen Model • Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China. Found: - farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively - methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.

29. Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution) • invention of high-yield grains and rice, (goal to reduce hunger). - increased production of rice - new varieties in wheat and corn - reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems - impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced

30. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers • Overproduction • Agricultural efficiencies have resulted in overproduction • Demand has remained relatively constant • As a consequence, incomes for farmers are low • Sustainable agriculture • Sensitive land management • Integrated crop and livestock

31. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for subsistence farmers • Population growth • International trade • Drug crops

32. Drug Trade Figure 10-27

33. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Strategies to increase food supply • Expanding agricultural land • Desertification • Increasing productivity • The green revolution • Identifying new food sources • Cultivating oceans, developing higher-protein cereals, and improving palatability of foods • Increasing trade

34. Agricultural Land and Population Figure 10-28

35. Grain Imports and Exports Figure 10-32

36. The End. Up next: Industry