Challenges Facing a New Nation

1. Challenges Facing a New Nation

2. Georgia Performance Standard • SS4H5: The student will analyze the challenges faced by the new nation. a. Identify the weaknesses of the government established by the Articles of Confederation. b. Identify the major leaders of the Constitutional Convention (James Madison and Benjamin Franklin) and describe the major issues they debated, including the rights of states, the Great Compromise, and slavery.

3. Georgia Performance Standard • SS4H5: The student will analyze the challenges faced by the new nation. C. Identify the three branches of the U.S. government as outlined by the Constitution, describe what they do, how they relate to each other (checks and balances and separation of power), and how they relate to the states. d. Identify and explain the rights in the Bill of Rights, describe how the Bill of Rights places limits on the power of government, and explain the reasons for its inclusion in the Constitution of 1791. e. Describe the causes of the War of 1812; include burning of the Capitol and the White House.

4. Essential Questions The Articles of Confederation • What were some of the weaknesses of the government formed by the Articles of the Confederation?

5. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation

6. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation • The Articles of Confederation was a constitution to establish the powers of a new national government.

7. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation • At first, the Articles were written with a strong central government in mind. • Some patriots, large landowners, and merchants supported this idea. • They felt it would protect their property rights and keep trading practices fair.

8. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation • Many states were against a strong central government. • Small farmers and workers generally had this point of view. • After great debate, the Articles of Confederation was revised to provide a weak national government. • The Articles of Confederation went into effect on March 1, 1781.

9. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation • Weakness of the Articles included • No strong national government • No leader • Congress could not establish a national army without permission of the states. • Congress could not collect taxes. • Congress could make laws, but could not enforce them. • Each state had one vote • Congress could not make laws about trade.

10. Essential QuestionsThe Constitutional Convention • Who were the major leaders of the Constitutional Convention and what were their roles? • What were some of the major issues debated at the Constitutional Convention?

11. The Constitutional Convention • The Constitutional Convention of May 1781 was a meeting to discuss changing the Articles of Confederation. • Leaders of the Constitutional Convention included James Madison and Benjamin Franklin.

12. James Madison, a lawyer from Virginia, is known as the “Father of the Constitution” because he a leading member of the Convention. The Constitutional ConventionLeaders

13. Benjamin Franklin was the oldest delegate at the convention. He urged other to be willing to listen and convinced them that compromise was important in a free society. The Constitutional ConventionLeaders

14. The Constitutional ConventionIssues • Issue debated at the Constitutional Convention included: • States Rights • Fair Representation • Slavery.

15. The Constitutional ConventionState Rights • Some delegates creating the Constitution were afraid that a powerful national government would be dangerous. • They felt that a strong national government would take power away from the states.

16. The Constitutional ConventionState Rights • Delegates agreed to create a federal system where states would share authority with the national government. • States would have authority over their own affairs: • Schools • Local elections • The national government would take care of things that would affect the whole country: • Printing money • Forming military

17. The Constitutional ConventionFair Representation • Delegates from small states worried that they would not be fairly represented in Congress. • Delegates from large states felt that they deserved more votes because they had more people.

18. The Constitutional ConventionFair Representation • Delegates decided to on a compromise known as The Great Compromise. • The congress would be split into two houses. • Each state would have equal representation in one house called the Senate. • Each sate would be represented according to population in the other house called the House of Representatives.

19. The Constitutional ConventionSlavery • Many delegates were against slavery. • However, some delegates from the south owned slaves. • They felt that the slaves should be counted as part of the population even though they had no rights.

20. The Constitutional ConventionSlavery • A compromise was reached to please everyone called the three-fifths compromise. • It was decided that representation in the Congress would be based on the free population added to three-fifths of the slave population. • The issue of slavery nearly broke up the convention.

21. Essential QuestionsBranches of Government • What are the duties of the three branches of government? • How does each branch check and balance each other? • How does the power of the three branches of government relate to the states?

22. The Branches of Government Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judicial Branch

23. Branches of Government • The three branches of government are called the: • Legislative Branch • Executive Branch • Judicial Branch • Each branch depends on the other to work effectively. • Each branch has separate, distinct powers that cannot be taken away by either of the two branches.

24. Branches of Government • The Legislative Branch • Headed by Congress (U.S Senate and U.S House of Representatives: • Creates and passes laws • The Executive Branch • Headed by the president, plus vice president and heads federal agencies: • Carries out and enforces laws made by Congress • The Judicial Branch • Headed by U.S. Supreme Court, plus district courts, appellate courts: • Interprets and applies the law

25. Branches of Government • Having three separate branches of government makes sure that no one branch has more power than the other. • Each branch can check the power of the other two, and make sure one does not become too powerful. • This is called checks and balances.

26. Branches of GovernmentChecks and Balances • Legislative Branch may pass a bill, but the executive branch my veto, or say No • The Executive Branch may veto a bill, but Legislative Branch can still pass the bill if there is enough votes. • The Judicial Branch can declare laws and executive orders unconstitutional. • The Executive Branch may appoint federal judges, but the Legislative Branch has power to approve or reject the Judges.

27. The Branches of Government Executive Branch on Legislative Branch Judicial Branch

28. Branches of Government • The branches of federal government relate to the states because the state governments are organized the same way. • States have a executive, legislative, and judicial branches. • The executive branch is headed by the Governor. • The Legislative Branch makes laws for the state. • The Judicial Branch is made up of state courts.

29. Essential QuestionsThe Bill of Rights • What is the Bill of Rights and why are they included in the Constitution? • How does the Bill of Rights limit the power of the government?

30. The Bill of Rights • The Bill of Rights was a list of rights of the people added to the constitution in 1791 to put limits on the power of the government and to guarantee basic freedoms. • James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights which includes the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

31. The Bill of Rights • Amendment 1: Freedom of religion, speech, press, and meet together to protest. • Amendment 2: Gives you the freedom to own a gun. • Amendment 3: You canon be forced to let soldiers stay in you home. • Amendment 4: Police can’t come in your home without a good reason

32. The Bill of Rights • Amendment 5: You can’t be tried twice for the same crime, and you don’t have to testify against yourself in court. Also property can’t be taken from you without payment. • Amendment 6: You have the right to a fair trial. • Amendment 7: You have the right to a trial with a jury for most offenses.

33. The Bill of Rights • Amendment 8: Fines must be reasonable and you can’t be tortured for a crime. • Amendment 9: You have other rights that are not listed. • Amendment 10: The states have all rights not given to the national government

34. Essential QuestionsThe War of 1812 • What was the cause of the War of 1812?

35. The War of 1812 • The War of 1812 was another war fought between the United States and England in the early 1800s.

36. The War of 1812Causes • American ships were being stopped at sea by the British Navy to stop them from trading with the French which hurt American trade and caused merchants to lose money. • The British were taking American men off the ships and making them work on British ships. • British were helping Native Americans fight against settlers. • A group of Congressmen from western and southern states called for War. • They were known as War Hawks.

37. The War of 1812 • August 1814 British troops invaded Washington, D.C. and set fire to the White House, the Capital Building, and other buildings. • First Lady Dolly Madison saved many valuable things before she escaped from the White House. • On Christmas Eve, 1814, The British and Americans signed a peace treaty to end the war. • Both sided claimed victory.