Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Australia and New Zealand Section 2:Oceania Section 3:Antarctica Summary Chapter Menu

3. Human-Environment Interaction The lands of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica range from tiny islands to massive continents. Some places in this region have environments too harsh for people to live there permanently. Others have attractive climates but few resources. How might people survive in a land with limited resources? Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: Australia and New Zealand People’s actions can change the physical environment. Extensive farming and ranching, along with other agricultural and economic practices, have affected Australia and New Zealand. Chapter Intro 2

5. Section 2: Oceania Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. Many of Oceania’s islands have limited resources and depend on tourism or aid from other countries to support their economies. Chapter Intro 2

6. Section 3: Antarctica All living things are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival. Scientists fear that human activity may be harming plant and animal life in Antarctica. Chapter Intro 2

7. Chapter Intro-End

8. People’s actions can change the physical environment. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Content Vocabulary lawsuit merino kiwifruit Academic Vocabulary consist acknowledge Section 1-Key Terms

10. A B C Do you think the Aborigines have a right to claim land that “belongs to their people”? A. Yes B. No C.Maybe Section 1-Polling Question

11. To keep Australia’s people, environment, and livestock free of disease and pests, the government has enacted strict quarantine laws. Quarantine means holding anyone or anything until health or cleanliness can be proven. Australia inspects incoming people, baggage, and cargo at its airports, seaports, international mail centers, and shipping centers. More than 10,000 ships are inspected every year, as are a million and a half pieces of mail. Section 1

12. Australia Australia has a strong economy, but economic growth has created serious challenges for its environment. Section 1

13. Australia (cont.) Australia has a huge land area but only 20.6 million people. Needing skilled workers to develop resources and build its economy, the government has encouraged immigration. Section 1

14. Australia (cont.) Most Australians are descended from the first immigrants who were from the British Isles and Europe. Today, immigrants come from Asia, South Africa, Latin America, and Oceania. Section 1

15. Australia (cont.) The Aborigines were the first people to settle Australia, but they have suffered discrimination from white Australians for years. Recently the government has worked toward improvements in education, job pay, poverty solutions, and health care, but the problems still exist. Section 1

16. Australia (cont.) In the late 1980s, a group of Aborigines filed a lawsuitto block mining on land they said belonged to their people, and in 1992 a court agreed. Later court decisions gave Aborigines control over land that was being used for sheep ranches and other economic activities. Section 1

17. Australia (cont.) Other Australians are now worried that they might lose land to such Aborigine claims, and the government is trying to find a balance. Section 1

18. Australia (cont.) Australia’s prosperous economy is partly based on the export of mineral and energy resources such as iron ore, nickel, zinc, bauxite, gold, diamonds, coal, oil, and natural gas to China and Japan. Australia and Oceania: GDP per Person for Selected Countries Section 1

19. Australia (cont.) Australia’s dry climate and poor soils limit farming, but irrigation allows farmers to grow grains, sugarcane, cotton, fruits, and vegetables. Australia is a world leader in the export of wool, lamb, beef, and cattle hides. Many of the sheep raised in the country are merinos, a breed of sheep known for its fine wool. Section 1

20. Australia (cont.) Australian factories produce processed foods, transportation equipment, cloth, and chemicals. High-technology industries, service industries, and tourism are also important to the economy. Section 1

21. Australia (cont.) Since the 1980s, Australians have been working to preserve their land, but some people fear these efforts are too extreme and will hurt the economy. Section 1

22. A B C D The main agricultural activity in Australia is A.the raising of livestock B.the growing of sugarcane C.the growing of cotton D.the mining of iron ore Section 1

23. New Zealand New Zealand is a small country with a growing economy that is based on trade. Section 1

24. New Zealand (cont.) The population of New Zealand consists largely of the descendants of European, especially British and Irish, immigrants. There are also people of German, Scandinavian, Croatian, and Dutch backgrounds. Section 1

25. New Zealand (cont.) The Maori, the first people to settle New Zealand, are the largest non-European group, forming about 15 percent of the population. In 1840 Maori leaders signed the Treaty of Waitangi with Great Britain, which acknowledged British rule over the islands and included the promise of the British to protect Maori land rights. Section 1

26. New Zealand (cont.) Some Maori have charged that since 1840, Europeans unfairly took land from them. They use the Treaty of Waitangi to win lawsuits recognizing their right to land. Some people of European descent fear these lawsuits will cause them to lose their land and livelihood. Section 1

27. New Zealand (cont.) The population growth rate among Pacific Islanders, East Asians, Southeast Asians, and the Maori in New Zealand is high, but the growth rate among whites is low, indicating a future change in the ethnic balance of the country. Section 1

28. New Zealand (cont.) New Zealand’s export of wool and meat has long been a major factor in the country’s economy. The country’s cattle industry produces butter, cheese, and meat for export. Section 1

29. New Zealand (cont.) Expanding businesses in New Zealand include the production of wood and paper products, and farming and winemaking. Apples, grapes, kiwifruit, barley, wheat, and corn are the major crops. Service industries and tourism also play large roles in the economy. Section 1

30. New Zealand (cont.) New Zealand’s trade with other countries is an important part of its economy. Australia is still an important trading partner, but the United Kingdom has become a lesser partner as trade with the United States and countries in East Asia has increased. Section 1

31. A B C D Why is trade with other countries such a major part of New Zealand’s economy? A.Because the rate of population growth is increasing B.Because it is a relatively small country C.Because the country’s resources are dwindling D.All of the above Section 1

32. Section 1-End

33. Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. Section 2-Main Idea

34. Content Vocabulary copra lingua franca fa’a Samoa habitat Academic Vocabulary extract establish Section 2-Key Terms

35. A B C D Why do you think American influence remains strong in Micronesia? A. American tourists are plentiful. B. American music is extremely popular. C.U.S. military bases are in the area. D. Americans provide government aid. Section 2-Polling Question

36. In the island country of Palau there is a small lake that is home to between 10 and 20 million jellyfish. They range from marble-sized to larger than a softball. This habitat has been invaded by the non-native sea anemone. Scientists working to control the anemone believe the first one was carried in by a tourist and that if the anemone population grows, the jellyfish population will be endangered. Section 2

37. Melanesia Although small in population, Melanesia includes diverse groups of people. Section 2

38. Melanesia (cont.) Papua New Guinea occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and several hundred smaller islands. Nearly all of its people belong to different Papuan or Melanesian ethnic groups, which are closely related, and they speak more than 700 languages. Section 2

39. Melanesia (cont.) Many people in Papua New Guinea live by subsistence farming. Others work on plantations that grow coffee, oil palm trees, cacao trees, and coconut palms. Coconut oil from copra, the meat from dried coconuts, is used to make margarine, soap, and other products. Section 2

40. Melanesia (cont.) Copra and other plantation products are produced for export, so food must be imported for city dwellers. Papua New Guinea also supports its economy by extracting oil, gold, copper, silver, iron, and zinc from deposits in the land and ocean floors. Section 2

41. Melanesia (cont.) On the other islands of Melanesia, most of the people belong to different Melanesian ethnic groups. In the Fiji Islands, the population is about evenly divided between Melanesians and South Asians. Section 2

42. Melanesia (cont.) The struggle between Melanesians and South Asians for control of Fiji’s government has made foreign companies afraid to invest there and has kept tourists away. Both have hurt Fiji’s economy. Section 2

43. Melanesia (cont.) Most people in the Solomon Islands are ethnic Melanesians who live by subsistence farming and fishing. Most follow traditional ways. Section 2

44. Melanesia (cont.) Most people in Vanuatu are farmers, although tourism is increasing. More than 100 Melanesian languages are spoken in Vanuatu, but many people use Bislama as the lingua franca, or a common language used for communication and trade. Section 2

45. Melanesia (cont.) New Caledonia is a French-owned island territory. Rich nickel deposits provide the country’s chief export. About one-third of the people are of French descent, and they control the economy. Some of New Caledonia’s Melanesians want independence from France. Section 2

46. A B C D Which island in the region is owned by France? A.Vanuatu B.Papua New Guinea C.Fiji D.New Caledonia Section 2

47. Micronesia and Polynesia Many people in Micronesia and Polynesia practice subsistence farming. Section 2

48. Micronesia and Polynesia (cont.) Micronesia and Polynesia are made up of high volcanic islands and low, ring-shaped atolls. Since the 1970s, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Palau, Nauru, and Kiribati have become independent. Section 2

49. Micronesia and Polynesia (cont.) People on the volcanic and fertile high islands practice subsistence farming, growing yams, sweet potatoes, and cassava. People on the low islands fish and grow breadfruit, taro, and bananas. Poor soil limits farm production, so most food is imported. Section 2

50. Micronesia and Polynesia (cont.) The Federal States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands have phosphate, a mineral salt used to make fertilizer, but they lack the money to mine the resource. Kiribati’s phosphate deposits are gone, and Nauru’s are almost gone. Kiribati is dependent on foreign aid, but Nauru is investing abroad and trying to develop service industries. Section 2