Auxiliary Operational Speciality Course: Seamanship

2. AUXILIARY OPERATIONAL SPECIALTY COURSESEAMANSHIP ( AUXSEA)U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONUNITED STATES COAST GUARD AUXILIARYDIRAUX ANNEX WEST7TH USCG DISTRICTMIAMI, FLORIDA

3. CREDIT FOR GRAPHICS Our sincere thanks to the following federal agencies for the use of their PUBLIC DOMAIN graphics: DOC.NOAA, NWS DOT, FAA, USCG, USCG AUX. .

4. CREDITS, CONT’D In addition, we would like to thank those Auxiliarists who generously contributed their time, expertise, talents and equipment to provide this course with valuable graphic works included herein. Linda Vetter, SO-OP D1 11-N

5. PRODUCTION CREDITS This Distance Learning Course was produced by William N. Seiler, Asst. Supervisor, Computer Support Group, Training Presentations; Ed Rhea, Asst. to the Supervisor. and Jim Carol, Computer Support Group Staff; Douglas Simpson, Supervisor, Computer Support Group, DIRAUX WEST, Venice, Fl. and under the direction of Kevin Crawley, CDR, USCG, DIRAUX, USCG 7th District, Miami, Fl. and is for GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PURPPOSES ONLY.

6. INTRODUCTIONSEAMANSHIP • Welcome to the Auxiliary Operational Specialty course SEAMANSHIP or AUXSEA. • The term SEAMANSHIP literally encompasses the entire subject of boating. • This is one of seven (7) courses leading to the coveted AUXOP rating and award of the badge.

7. SEAMANSHIP • TEXTS – STUDY GUIDES-REFERENCES • REFERENCE TEXT: ANY VERSION OF “CHAPMAN’S SEAMANSHIP”. • STUDY THE SAME TOPIC IN THE STUDY GUIDE AND • IN CHAPMAN’S. • TEXT: P16794.41 115 APR 1992 WITH PROPER CHANGES. • FINAL EXAMINATION BASED ON STUDY QUESTIONS AT END OF EACH CHAPTER IN STUDY GUIDE. • SEE INSTRUCTOR AND MENTOR FOR FURTHER GUIDANCE.

8. TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT • BOW: The most foward portion of the main hull (the “pointy end”). • FOWARD: Towards (in the direction of) the Bow. • AHEAD: Hull motion relative to the bow. • STERN: Aftermost portion of the main hull; the back end of the vessel (the BLUNT end),

9. TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT • AFT: In the direction of the stern; towards the back end of the boat. • ASTERN: Direction of hull motion relative to the stern; backing motion relative to the bow. • SIDES: Looking towards the bow, from thestern (on either side of the keel): • Side to yourright isSTARBOARD. • Side to yourleftisPORT.

10. TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT PLEASE NOTE: There are NO “right” or left” sides on the water. There are only PORTs and STARBOARDs”. d. BEAM: The widest point of the hull, gunwale to gunwale. e.ATHWARTSHIP: Any measurement made from one side of the hull to the other at 90 degrees to the keel.

11. TERMINOLOGY • TERMS DENOTING HULL SHAPE • SHEER: The curve or sweep of the deck, from bow to stern, of a vessel when viewed from the side • FLARE: The outward curvature of the sides of the boat near the bow (looking head-on), which helps to keep the vessel’s decks drier.

12. TERMINOLOGY • HULL’S BOTTOM • FLAT: Little or NO lateral curvature when viewed from either the bow or the stern. • ROUND: When viewed from the bow or the stern, the sides show a definite “roundness” or curving down and inward from the deck towards the keel.

13. TERMINOLOGY HULL’S BOTTOM TYPE VEE: When viewed from the bow, the sides slope sharply towards the keel but have a tendency to flare out shortly after the bow and may continue do so up to the mid-point of the hull. DEEP “V”: Carries the sharp “V” style much farther aft. SHALLOW or SEMI-”V”: . “V” shallows out very rapidly aft of the bow. NOTE: The deeper the “V” the softer the ride and the greater the directional control especially at LOW speeds.

14. TWO BASIC HULL TYPES • DISPLACEMENT: • When loaded, sets low in the water. Flotation depends on the amount of water displaced by hull. Water displaced >/= weight of the vessel. Usually slower vessel. • PLANING: Sets on top of the water. Fast moving. Flotation does not depend as much on amount of water displaced by the hull. Load capabilities from dynamic actions with the hull’s bottom and the water surface.

15. DISPLACEMENT HULLS

16. PLANING HULL

17. TWO BASIC CABIN STYLES • TRUNK : Does not extend fully from gunwale to gunwale; has walking space on both sides. • RAISED DECK: Does extend all the way, from gunwale to gunwale; NO walking space on either side.

18. OTHER BOATING TERMS • KEELSON: A timber ( can also be of metal) fastened along the top of the keel, inside of the hull. • LIMBER HOLES: Passages cut into the area next to the keel to allow water to properly flow to it’s lowest point, to be pumped out. • KING POST: The spoke of a steering wheel that is vertical when the rudder is exactly centered along the keel. • THWART: A transverse seat generally in a rowing craft.

19. OTHER BOATING TERMS BOOTOP: The general area of the exterior hull at the waterline. THWART STANCHION: A vertical support (stanchion) for a transverse seat (thwart).

20. OTHER BOATING TERMS BOAT MOTIONS PITCH:The “UP” and “DOWN” vertical motion of the bow as the boat rotates around it’s lateral axis. ROLL:The gunwale–to - gunwale motion of the hull as it rotates around it’s longitudinal axis. YAW: The swingingmotion of the bow from side to side, as the hull rotates around it’s vertical axis.

21. DANGEROUS BOATING MOTIONS BROACH:Downhill; fairly high speed. Bow sharply digs under the surface. Floods or significantly washes main decks. CAPSIZING: Vessel rolls over bottom up; difficult or impossible recovery. PITCHPOLING: Commonly following a BROACH and loss of directional control. Bow plunges deep; turns sharply to one side; vessel rolls and capsizes. Violent potentially lethal maneuver.

22. SAILBOAT CONFIGURATION • IDENTIFICATION DEPENDS UPON THE NUMBER OF MASTS AND SAILS AND WHERE PLACED. • The graphics which follow are highly simplified examples.

23. CATBOAT CONFIGURATION Mainsail CATBOAT: Single mast; One mainsail Marconi or Gaff

24. SLOOP CONFIGURATION Mainsail Jib SLOOP: Single mast; mainsail and jib.

25. KETCH CONFIGURATION STEERING STATION Two masts; smaller aft; after mast ahead of steering station

26. YAWL CONFIGURATION STEERING STATION Two masts; smallerBEHIND the steering station

27. SCHOONER CONFIGURATION MAIN Foremast SCHOONER: At least two masts; Main is aft and taller. Foremast is foward. May carry many sails.

28. SEAMANSHIPBOAT BUILDING MATERIALS • Five (5) materials considered • FIBERGLASS • WOOD • STEEL • ALUMINUM • FABRIC

29. FIBERGLASS DEFINITION: STRANDS OF GLASS, SATURATED WITH RESIN and allowed TO PROPERLY DRY AND CURE

30. TYPES OF FIBERGLAS CHOPPED STRANDS

31. FIBERGLASS • MOST POPULAR building material • REASON FOR PRIMARY CHOICE: • EASE OF MAINTENANCE

32. TERMINOLOGY Afiberglass hull is composed of matting, roving, cloth and strands of fiberglasssaturated with plastic resin(s); very similar to steel-reinforced concrete.

33. ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS • IMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS, WORMS / BORERS(NOT GROWTH.) • NO DRY ROT • FEW OR NO SEAMS / JOINTS • NO LEAKS FROM SEAMS / JOINTS • COLOR MOLDED IN • STRONG • MOLD INTO ALMOST ANY SHAPE • LOW MAINTENANCE

34. DISADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS • HEAVIER THAN WATER: READILY SINKS • EASIER TO COVER UP SHODDY WORKMANSHIP

35. TWO KINDS OF RESINS • POLYESTER: • VERSATILE • EASY TO WORK WITH/ HANDLE • INEXPENSIVE • 2. EPOXIES: • STRONGER • MORE EXPENSIVE • MORE DIFFICULT TO WORK WITH.

36. RESIN ADDITIVES • Hardeners: HARDEN THE RESIN • Driers: CONTROL THE CURING TIME • Fire Suppressants: MAKE THE RESIN FIRE RETARDANT • ALL RESINS: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE

37. MOLDS MALE MOLD: PLUG: Exact size, shape of object to mold FEMALE MOLD: CAVITY MOLD USED FOR HAND-LAYUP CHOPPED STRAND NOTE: Gel Coat applied first, to the inside of the female mold. BLOWGUN PROCESS: Fastest, smoothest results

38. MOLDS MATCHED DIE: MALE / FEMALE MOLDS CLAMPED TOGETHER LAMINATE USED BETWEEN (SANDWICHED) BALSA WOOD FOAMED PLASTICS PLYWOOD

39. WOOD CONSIDERATION FOR USE 1. STRENGTH 2. AVAILABILITY 3. WORKABILITY 4. WATER ABSORPTION 5. LEAST NOISY

40. WOOD CONSTRUCTION MORE DECAY RESISTANT: HARD WOODS: ASH, MAHOGANY, TEAK, OAK LESS DECAY RESISTANT: SOFTER WOODS: CEDAR, FIR, PINE

41. WOOD DISADVANTAGES • NUMBER ONE: DRY ROT • HIGHLY SUCEPTIBLE TO: WORMS, BORERS • ABSORBS WATER • EASILY DAMAGED

42. STEEL CONSTRUCTION DISADVANTAGES 1. QUICK DETERIORATION 2. CONSIDERABLE CONTINUOUS MAINTENANCE

43. STEEL CONSTRUCTION • ADVANTAGES • STRONGEST STRENGTH – TO – WEIGHT RATIO • 2. STIFF \ RESISTANT TO: • IMPACT – FATIGUE - ABRASION • 3. LESS NOISY THAN ALL BUT WOOD

44. ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION • ADVANTAGES • 1. LIGHT WEIGHT • 2. IMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS • ( NOT GROWTH ) • 3. FAIRLY EASY TO FORM

45. ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION • DISADVANTAGES • SUSCEPTIBLE TO ELECTROLYSIS • HEAT CONDUCTOR • 3. NOISY • 4. EASY TO DAMAGE

46. STEERING SYSTEMSTILLER A SIMPLE RUDDER POST WITH A HANDLE ON TOP OF IT, BY WHICH TO STEER. The most simple of all steering systems

47. THE SIMPLE TILLER

48. STEERING SYSTEMSDRUM & CABLE A DRUM IS ATTACHED TO A STEERING WHEEL. A CABLE IS WOUND AROUND THE DRUM; FED THROUGH A SERIES OF PULLEYS FOR SUSPENSION, THEN TO EACH SIDE OF A YOKE ATTACHED TO A RUDDER POST. TURNING THE STEERING WHEEL ACUTATES THE STEERING.

49. DRUM & CABLE SYSTEM

50. STEERING SYSTEMSSPROCKET & CHAIN IF YOU REPLACE THE DRUM IN THE DRUM & CABLE WITH A SPROCKET, THE TWO SYSTEMS WORK ALMOST IDENTICALLY. THE SPROCKET AND CHAIN IS BUILT FOR HEAVIER BOATS AND GREATER WORKLOADS.