Class 9: Motives, Emotions, and Perception

1. Class 9: Motives, Emotions, and Perception

2. Updates and Exam Today’s class: Complete New Look Begin Resources and Perception Thursday Class 1. Complete Resources and Perception 2. Quiz 1 (20 min) 3. Catch up on Student Q&A presentations Exam 1. Thursday following conclusion of Resources and Perception lecture 2. 20 multiple choice: Class 1 to Resources and Perception

3. Greenwald: Is Uncons. Smart or Dumb? Unconscious does exist Operates at simple level: dumb, not smart, e.g. walking Techniques to investigate unconscious: * Subliminal activation (M & I = 1) * Selective attention (dichotic listening) Findings * Unc. affects memory: "mere exposure" * Unc. affects learning: grammar, co- variation rules. * Implicit memory—amnesiacs and pin-prick Conclusion: Unc. sensitivities based on gross cues, like those used to sort "junk mail".

4. Dan Simon’s Research on “Change Blindness” Evidence of “Dumb Unconscious” http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/10.php Gorilla not seen if attention diverted by other task Change blindness: Stranger asking directions How are these phenomena relate to New Look? To ability to see but not see?

5. Implicit Covariation Task: Pretty Smart Unconscious Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992) Learning Tables Subjects see many of these Test Table Subjects fill in missing cell

6. Implicit Covariation Task Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992) 6 Learning Tables Subjects see many of these Test Table Subjects fill in missing cell

7. Jacoby, et al. Uncon. definitely exists—question is how and where it influences thought and behavior. Uncon defined: psych states (thoughts, behaviors) that lack conscious control Is uncons. a swanky gent or a gritty dude? a. clean, dry, cognition-based entity b. dirty, wet, emotion/need based entity c. Jacoby agnostic on this question

8. Evidence of "Cool" Unconscious Amnesiacs -- recall of negative events (pin prick), word stem completions and priming. Blindsight patients -- can't consciously see, but behave as if they did see. Prospagnosia --Can't consciously recognize face, but show GSR to familiar faces. Normals -- mere exposure, perceptual fluency, implicit covariation

9. War of the Ghosts: The Power of Schemas What Students Heard One night two young men from the Egulac went down to the river...Then they heard war cries and thought: "Maybe this is a war party". ... Now canoes came up,...There were five men in the canoe, and they said: "What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war on the people". One young man joined them. And the warriors went ... to a town on the Kalama. The people came down...and they began to fight, and many were killed. The young man heard one warrior say "...that Indian has been hit." He thought "Oh, they are ghosts" So the canoes went back to the Egulac, and the young man went to his house. And told everybody ..."Behold I accompanied the ghosts...They said I was hit but I did not feel sick.." When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his mouth. He was dead. Sir Fredrick Bartlett, 1886-1969 What Students Recalled (Modified for Comic Effect) Two blokes were on holiday by the Thames when some ruffians approached them and lured them into rowdy cavorting. Well of course no good came of it, and the young squire who went along was seriously hurt, and had to go home and be nursed by his poor sick mother.

10. Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations Noise Judgments -- Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences? Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences? False Fame -- Mistake familiarity of name with fame of named person. Unconscious influence -- Question of control Method of Opposition -- false fame task strong under distraction, weak under non-distraction--when all Ss told that List 1 was non-fame.

11. Jacoby vs. Greenwald Greenwald -- two senses of unconscious 1. Unconscious perception 2. Unconscious/automatic influences on memory Jacoby -- Both issues subsumed by cognitive control May be aware of event in moment, but then forget this awareness. However "damage done", learning occurred. We just forgot that it occurred. "Subliminal messages" might be seen, then forgotten, in subsequent attn. to lyrics, movie images.

12. Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations Noise Judgments -- Ease of processing and rating of background noise. Study 1: Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences? Study 2: Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences? False Fame -- Mistake familiarity of name with fame of named person. Unconscious influence -- Question of control Method of Opposition -- false fame effect is strong under distraction, weak under non-distraction--even when all Ss told that List 1 names were not famous.

13. Jacoby et al. False Fame Effect Time 2 Time 1 List Two Lisa Heatherton Rory Gallagher Emma Watson Oscar Otaro Tom Cruise Tamar Guizmann Morgan Freeman List One Lisa Heatherton Rich Maven Oscar Otaro Jennifer Riles Tina Raskoff Full Attention Divided Attention Which group mistakes familiar for famous? Full Attention Divided Attention

14. “Warm” Unconscious Influences on Perception-- 1 Unconscious Emotions and Consumption Behavior Winkielman, Berridge, & Wilbarger, 2005

15. Alliesthesia Motivational state shapes “incentive value” of stimuli Water tastes better when thirsty Food tastes better when hungry Aromas more appealing when hungry Question: Would subliminal cue (facial expression = go or no-go) affect desirability of consumable product? NOTE: How does this prediction relate to Joe Campos “emotional signaling” with infants?

16. Theoretical Model Action X Motives Affect Happy Neutral Angry Evaluation Subliminal Emotional Stimuli Happy Neutral Angry

17. Winkielman, Berridge, & Wilbarger, 2005 Results

18. Social Support and Slant Perception(Evidence of "Smart" Unconscious?)Schnall, Harber, Stefanucci, & Proffitt (2008) Conscious slant perception of hills is exaggerated (5% is seen as 20%, etc.). Slant distortion is lessened under lower physical load -- Light back pack vs. heavy back pack -- Physically refreshed vs. fatigued -- Good physical cond. vs. poor cond. -- Younger vs. older Is slant distortion reduced under lower psychological load?

19. Study 1: Do hills appear different when alone vs. with a friend? Participants Passersby at campus walk Alone (n = 14) Same-sex friend pairs (n = 17; both participate) All wear heavy backpack, face steep hill Measures Verbal: “How steep is this hill, in degrees?” Visual Judgment: hand protractor Haptic: palm board Hand protractor Palm board

20. Social Support and Slant Verbal: p < .05 Visual: p < .06 Hapitic p < .93 Note: Line represents actual slant

21. Friendship Duration (in months) Verbal r = -.49, p < .05 Visual r = -.50, p < .05 Haptic r = -.14, p = ns Mood (negative) Verbal r = -.01, p = ns Visual r = -.13, p = ns Haptic r = .01, p = ns Effects of Friendship Duration and Mood on Slant Perception

22. Study 1 Alternative Explanations Instrumental support Social Desirability Social Facilitation Sampling bias Study 2 Remedies n = 36, 49% female Imaged other: Positive, Neutral, Negative Random Assignment

23. Slant Study 2: Imaged Support and Slant Perception Verbal p < .05 Visual p < .04 Haptic p > .73 Note: Line represents actual slant

24. Correlations Between Relationship Quality and Slant Perception Verbal Visual Haptic Measure Measure Measure Close -.37* -.36* .10 Warm -.33* -.28 .22 Happy -.39* -.20 .12 Notes: Effects retained when controlling for mood * = p < .05

25. Resources and Distance PerceptionHarber, Iacovelli, & Yeung, in prep • Will psychosocial resources also moderate distance perception? • Will self-worth serve as resource?

26. Self Worth Induction Boosted: Image best success Unchanged: Image doing laundry Depleted: Image worst failure N = 107, 63% female

27. Distance Estimation Task

28. Target Objects Cat Toy: Low Threat Tarantula: High Threat

29. Distance Accuracy as a Function of Object (Threat v. Non-threat) and Self Worth

30. Distance Accuracy as a Function of Object (Threat v. Non-threat) and Self Worth

31. Evidence of Self-Worth Moderation Neutral Object Distance Tarantula Distance * p < .05

32. Self Esteem, External Support, and Height JudgmentsHarber, Yeung, Valree, & Escobar, in preparation PHOTO LOOKING DOWN STAIRWELL N = XXX, XX% female, age = XX.XX

33. Do resources moderate height judgments? Does trait self esteem operate as a resource? Do internal resources supplement external resources?

35. Self Esteem, External Support, and Height Perception

36. Self Esteem, External Support, and Height Perception

37. Conclusions • Resources affect the perception of : Others’ distress (baby cries) Distance to stressors (tarantulas) Heights Hill slants • Similar effects derive from different resources: Social support (baby cries, hill slant) Emotional disclosure (baby cries) Self worth (distance to tarantula) Self esteem (height) • Resources may enhance coping by moderating stressor perception

38. The “I” Sees Through the Lens of the “Me”.