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DNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA and Protein Synthesis. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids - Function. Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins. Nucleic Acids – Types . DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid. Do you remember DNA structure?. SUGAR. Phosphate.

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DNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

  2. Nucleic Acids

  3. Nucleic Acids - Function • Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins.

  4. Nucleic Acids – Types • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA • Ribonucleic Acid

  5. Do you remember DNA structure? SUGAR Phosphate

  6. Let’s build on that knowledge…

  7. DNA is … • Single stranded • Double stranded • Triple stranded

  8. Every nucleotide is made up of… • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen base • All of the above

  9. The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the middle by their… • Sugars • Phosphates • Nitrogen bases

  10. Protein Synthesis • It’s a process • DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

  11. RNA • Sugar is Ribose NOT what… • Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine • Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? • Only single stranded

  12. RNA

  13. Three processes in this unit… • 1. Replication (DNA DNA) • 2. Transcription (DNA mRNA) • 3. Translation (RNA Protein)

  14. Let’s Build A Protein

  15. Transcription • 1.) DNA strand unzips • The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken • Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to promoter site on DNA • 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made • Pair up the bases The mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

  16. Transcription

  17. Where in the cell does transcription take place? • Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Golgi Body • Vacuole

  18. Any given segment of DNA has directions that make unique what? • Glucose • Proteins • Lipids • Blood cells

  19. If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G T C C A A , then the mRNA strand would have what sequence? • T G A C C A G G T T • A C T G G T C C A A • T G U C C U G G T T • U G A C C A G G U U

  20. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? • Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

  21. Actually 3 types of RNA • mRNA- messenger • Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm • rRNA- ribosomal • Make up a ribosome • tRNA- transfer • “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to be added to the chain

  22. The difference between RNA and DNA is what? • The phosphates • The sugars • The nitrogen bases • The way the monomer units bond

  23. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle? • Mitochondria • Ribosome • Golgi Body • Lysosome • Nucleus

  24. Translation • mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why?? • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes • An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon • Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid • Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA • As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein.

  25. Translation

  26. That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein • We use an mRNA codon chart

  27. Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein synthesis, take place? • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Cytoplasm

  28. DNA has the directions to make what? • Glucose • Nucleotides • Proteins • Monosaccharides

  29. After a strand of mRNA is made where does it go? • Ribosome • Mitochondria • Lysosome • Vacuole

  30. Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein synthesis, take place? • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Golgi body • Cytoplasm

  31. Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the cytoplasm carrying what? • mRNA’s • Glucose • DNA • Nucleotides • Amino Acids

  32. An mRNA codon is made up of how many nitrogen bases? • 1 • 3 • 6 • 24

  33. Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was A A C ? • Phenylalanine • Glutamine • Asparagine • Lysine • Tyrosine

  34. What protein would be synthesized from the following mRNA strand?A C U U U C G A A U A C • Threonine – phenylalanine – glutamate – tyrosine • Phenylalanine – leucine – methionine – valine • Tyrosine – glutamate – phenylalanine – threonine • Lysine – cysteine – arginine – histidine

  35. What protein would be synthesized from the following DNA segment?T A A G T A C G C T A G • Isoleucine – alanine – histidine – alanine • Isoleucine – histidine – alanine – isoleucine • Phenylalanine – leucine – valine – arginine • Isoleucine – leucine – threonine – lysine

  36. How would you assess your comprehension of DNA and Protein Synthesis? • A • B • C • D

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