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Unit 4 - Chapter 6, Part 1

Unit 4 - Chapter 6, Part 1. Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities David Rude. Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities. Outline. 6.1 Succession 6.2 Biomes Are Determined by Climate 6.3 Major Biomes of the World. Succession.

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Unit 4 - Chapter 6, Part 1

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  1. Unit 4 - Chapter 6, Part 1 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities David Rude

  2. Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities

  3. Outline • 6.1 Succession • 6.2 Biomes Are Determined by Climate • 6.3 Major Biomes of the World

  4. Succession Communities proceed through is a series of regular, predictable changes in community structure over time. Activities of organisms change their surroundings & make the environment suitable for other kinds of organisms.

  5. Succession Climax community • A relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession. • Not always predictable • Ecological Succession of the Climax Forest - video

  6. Succession • Types of factors that determine the kind of climax community • Climate • Water • Substrate/soil • Colonizing organisms

  7. Succession • Primary succession • Begins with • Total lack of organisms • Bare mineral surfaces or water

  8. Succession • Primary succession (continued) • Examples • Volcanic lava flow • Glaciers retreating • Lower of sea level • Takes a long time • Few available nutrients for plants

  9. Succession • Secondary succession • Begins with • Disturbance of an existing ecosystem. • Much more commonly observed • Proceeds more rapidly than primary succession.

  10. Primary Succession • Terrestrial primary succession • Pioneer community • A collection of organisms able to colonize bare rock • Lichens • Break down rock and accumulate debris • Helps to form a thin soil layer • Soil begins to support small forms of life • May take 100 years to grow as large as dinner plate

  11. Primary Succession Pioneer organisms

  12. Primary Succession • Later Stages • Lichen community replaced by annual plants. • Annuals replaced by perennial community. • Perennial community replaced by shrubs. • Shrubs replaced by shade-intolerant trees. • Shade-intolerant trees replaced by shade-tolerant trees. • Stable, complex, climax community eventually reached.

  13. Primary Succession Page 111 Primary succession on land

  14. Primary Succession • Successional (seral) stage • Each step in the process of succession • Sere • The entire sequence of stages

  15. Primary Succession • Characteristics of climax communities • Maintain species diversity for an extended period. • Contain multiple specialized ecological niches. • Maintain high levels of organism interactions. • Recycle nutrients • Maintain a relatively constant biomass.

  16. Primary Succession • The general trend in succession • Increasing complexity • More efficient use of matter and energy

  17. Primary Succession • Aquatic primary succession • Except for oceans, most are considered temporary • All receive inputs of • Soil particles • Organic matter from surrounding land • Results in gradual filling of shallow bodies of water

  18. Primary Succession • Early stages • In deeper parts only floating plants and algae • As water depth becomes less • Submerged plants establish roots in sediment • Roots and stems below water accumulate more material • Help to trap sediments

  19. Primary Succession • As water depth becomes less • Submerged plants establish roots in the sediments • Elodea and algal mats • Emergent plants become established • Have leaves that float on the surface of the water or project into the air. • Water lilies and cattails

  20. Primary Succession • Later Stages – Transition to Terrestrial Community • Wet meadow forms • Grasses & sedges that can tolerate wet roots • Sometimes sphagnum moss forms a thick floating mat • Bog • Eventually becomes dryer • Transitions to climax community typical of the area

  21. Primary Succession Page 112 Primary succession from a pond to a wet meadow.

  22. Floating Bog

  23. Bog

  24. Rainforest Bog

  25. Secondary Succession • Secondary succession • Occurs when an existing community is disturbed or destroyed • Much of the soil and some organisms remain • Soil and nutrients allow process to advance more rapidly than primary succession • Plants and organisms that survive disturbance can grow quickly and reestablish themselves

  26. Secondary Succession • Nearby undamaged communities serve as sources of seeds and animals. • New climax community likely resembles the destroyed community.

  27. Secondary Succession • Example of seral stages • Annual plants • Grasses and biennial herbs • Perennial herbs & shrubs • Pines • Oak & Hickory trees

  28. Secondary Succession Secondary succession on land Page 113

  29. Historical Perspective onSuccession and Climax • Original communities that European explorers found: • East – hardwood forests • North – evergreen forests • Central – grasslands • South - desert • Early ecologists saw these as the endpoint

  30. Historical Perspective onSuccession and Climax • Settlers changed “original” ecosystems to agriculture • Poor farming practices destroyed soil • When farms were abandoned, began returning to its “original” condition. • New climax forest resembled original • Fewer species • Sometimes entirely different kinds of communities

  31. Historical Perspective onSuccession and Climax • New species from other parts of the world changed the mix of organisms • Diseases removed species that were formerly dominant • Chestnut blight • Dutch Elm disease

  32. Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax • Not a fixed, pre-determined community for each part of the world. • Main difference between climax community and successional community is its time scale. • Climate is only one of many factors that determine climax community

  33. Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax • Human activities that alter climax communities • Agricultural practices • Logging • Suppression of fire • Changing the amount of water present • Draining an area • Irrigation and flooding

  34. Biomes Are Determined By Climate • Biomes • Terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distributions. • Different communities within a biome will show differences in exact species present • General structure and the kinds of niches and habitats present are similar

  35. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Two primary non-biological factors that determine climax communities • Temperature • Patterns of precipitation • Total amount • Form – rain, snow, sleet • Distribution

  36. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Major Biomes • Rainforest • Tropical • Temperate

  37. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Major Biomes • Forest • Deciduous • Northern Coniferous • Dry

  38. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities

  39. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Major Biomes • Grassland • Savanna American Prairie

  40. Pampas – South America

  41. Savanna - Tanzania

  42. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Major Biomes • Tundra Caribou Crossing the Tundra

  43. Tundra

  44. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities • Major Biomes • Desert • Hot • Cold

  45. Northern India

  46. Gobi Desert - Mongolia

  47. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities Biomes of the world

  48. The Effect of Elevation on Climate and Vegetation • Temperature • Warmest near equator, cooler toward the poles • Temperature decreases as altitude increases • Moving from sea level to mountain tops • Possible to pass through a series of biomes • Similar moving from the equator to the North Pole

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