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Introduction to DNA

Introduction to DNA. By Devin Murray. What is the function of DNA? . . DNA is the code stored in individual genes. Recall that g enes are specific sections of chromosomes . Function: DNA’s code determines how all organisms look and act . So where are chromosomes again?.

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Introduction to DNA

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  1. Introduction to DNA By Devin Murray

  2. What is the function of DNA? . • DNA is the code stored in individual genes. Recall that genes are specific sections of chromosomes. • Function: DNA’s code determines how all organisms look and act.

  3. So where are chromosomes again? Chromosomes are located in the nucleus and are stored just outside of the nucleolus.

  4. DNA structure • When you unravel tightly coiled DNA from the chromosome its overall shape of DNA is a double helix.

  5. DNA structure • The most basic subunit of DNA’s double helix is called a nucleotide. • A DNA nucleotide has 3 parts: base, sugar, phosphate

  6. DNA structure • Bases of the DNA nucleotide: • There are 4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine • Nitrogenous means composed of nitrogen • Bases are typically abbreviated by their first initial capitalized (i.e. A = Adenine, G = guanine, etc.)

  7. DNA structure • Bases of the DNA nucleotide: • Bases pair together using these rules: • A pairs with T (or you could say T pairs with A) • C pairs with G (or you could say G pairs with C)

  8. DNA structure • Sugar in the DNA nucleotide: • The type of sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. • Deoxyribose is a 5 carbon sugar • This is the “D” in DNA. • Phosphate in the DNA nucleotide: • Compound with the chemical formula PO4

  9. From Nucleotides to DNA • Sugar and Phosphate are in DNA typically referred to as the “The Sugar-Phosphate Backbone” because the pattern is like a chain repeating throughout the molecule.

  10. From Nucleotides to DNA • The sugar of one nucleotide is linked to a phosphate of the next nucleotide by a covalent bond. • Nitrogenous bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.

  11. DNA’s code • Complementary base pairing(i.e. G-C and A-T) makes a long zipper like molecule of DNA. • The sequence of nucleotides bases forms the unique genetic code for an organism.

  12. Pop Quiz – 10 Questions 1. In the cell, where are chromosomes are located? 2. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? 3. What forms the unique genetic code for all organisms? 4. According to complementary base pairing rules, A pairs with __ and C pairs with __. 5. What type of bond secures the sugar-phosphate backbone of a DNA molecule?

  13. Pop Quiz – 10 Questions 6. Describe the shape of a DNA molecule. 7. What does the “D” in DNA stand for. 8. What are the names of the bases represented: A, G, C, T 9. What are specific sections of chromosomes called? 10. Explain the meaning of nitrogenous.

  14. Works Cited • Bray, L. Germline genetic engineering: an ethical analysis. Retrieved February 27 , 2010 from http://lukebray.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/dna-double-helix.jpg • Claydon, S (Publisher). (2009) Dna structure and replication. [Image] Science Aid. Retrieved from http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics/images/nucleotide.jpg • Crisp, E. (2010). Four nucleotides. [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.wvup.edu/ecrisp/fournucleotides.jpg • Martin. (2010). Understanding genes and dna. [Image]. Retrieved from http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/ataxia.pages/ • The Cell Nucleus [Image]. (2007) Retrieved February 27, 2010 from http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Nucleus/Nucleus.htm • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2006, October). How genes work. Retrieved from http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/thenewgenetics.pdf • [Untitled drawing showing a chromosome is made of genes and genes are made of dna]. Retrieved March 9, 2010 from http://www.eurogentest.org/content/images/unit6/patientLeaflets/english/genesChromosomesDna.jpg

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