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AFRICA - Session 5

AFRICA - Session 5. NOTE about Namibia: One of our class participants has offered her expertise & assistance to anyone contemplating travel to Namibia. Ingrid Langdon 863-6143. AFRICA - Session 5. Hunting for MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS: South Africa Part 1.

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AFRICA - Session 5

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  1. AFRICA - Session 5 NOTE about Namibia: One of our class participants has offered her expertise & assistance to anyone contemplating travel to Namibia. Ingrid Langdon 863-6143

  2. AFRICA - Session 5 Hunting for MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS: South Africa Part 1

  3. Civilizations Time Line SOUTH AFRICA History Demographics Energy Minerals

  4. SOUTH AFRICA HISTORY 2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein CRADLE OF HUMANKIND 182 sq miles in 2 provinces > 800 hominid fossil remains limestone caves

  5. SOUTH AFRICA HISTORY 2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein CRADLE OF HUMANKIND 182 sq miles in 2 provinces > 800 hominid fossil remains limestone caves STERKFONTEIN CAVES 1896: first discovered 1947: ‘MrsPles’ skull discovered 1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered

  6. SOUTH AFRICA HISTORY 2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein +30,000 years ago: - arrival of San/Khoe tribes - a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots - hunter-gatherers/herders - probably from northeast Africa

  7. Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present 23,000 BCE NAMIBIA 2.5 million SOUTH AFRICA 17,000 BCE BOTSWANA 0 AD ANGOLA

  8. Nations of World History 5000 BC to 1400 BC: pre-Iron Age 1400 BC to present time 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 A F R I C A 2.5 million years ago: early hominids SOUTH AFRICA 30,000 years ago: San/Khoe tribes

  9. SOUTH AFRICA HISTORY 400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north . .eastern group bringing iron age & agriculture skills

  10. SOUTH AFRICA HISTORY 500 AD Bantu Expansion 20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicans indigenous Bushmen mid 1800’s Indians/Asians 1600’s Europeans 1800’s trekkers/homesteaders 1600’s Malayasians

  11. Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present 1961 - Republic 1600-2000 1994 San/Khoe Tribes E X B P A A N S T I U O N D E S B C A E N N T D U A N T S I N E D U I R A O N P / E A A S N I S A N FREEDOM APARTAID 30,000 BCE SOUTH AFRICA 23,000 BCE NAMIBIA 17,000 BCE BOTSWANA ANGOLA

  12. SOUTH AFRICA 500 AD Bantu Expansion northern gold mines, lowveld 20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicians indigenous Bushmen Where are the people today? It’s the Rainbow Nation! mid 1800’s Indians/Asians 1600’s Europeans temperate southern Cape eastern coast 1800’s trekkers/homesteaders population density 1600’s Malayasians

  13. SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA TODAY most southern African country size: 471,011 sq miles (2X Texas) bordered by . . SWAZILAND MOZAMBIQUE LESOTHO ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA A T O L C A E N A T N I C BOTSWANA I O N C D E I A A N N surrounds 2 independent countries

  14. SOUTH AFRICA - capital: Pretoria • demographics (the rainbow nation) • - population: 49 million • Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79% • ‘colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9% • white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% • other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% • median age. . . . . . . . 24 yrs • life expectancy . . . . . 50 yrs

  15. SOUTH AFRICA • official language: 11 languages • home spoken: Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24% • Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18% • Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13% • English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% • other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37% • religions: • Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80% • Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15% • other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% • education: • - literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96% • - complete primary. . . . . 77%

  16. SOUTH AFRICA • per capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100US • economy: • - arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12% • - rich in coal, platium, gold • - no appreciable oil/gas 6% GDP – diamond/gold mining 12% GDP – tourism

  17. How does South Africa compare?

  18. How does South Africa compare?

  19. SOUTH AFRICA our travel route

  20. SOUTH AFRICA our travel route • 3 months (w/Namibia) • 5000 km (3150 miles) • rental car • cabins, rondavels, • campgrounds, B&Bs Kruger Nat’l Park Blyde River Canyon Johannesburg gold, archeology SwaziLand 1 month in Namibia Kimberley diamond mine St. Lucia Wetlands Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park Drakensberg Nat’l Park West Coast Nat’l Pk Cedarberg Wilderness nuclear power plant Addo Elephant Park Tsitsikamma Na’tl parK Garden Route Cape Town

  21. SOUTH AFRICA our travel route next week . . . this week . . . . • 3 months (w/Namibia) • 5000 km (3150 miles) • rental car • cabins, rondavels, • campgrounds, B&Bs Kruger Nat’l Park Blyde River Canyon Johannesburg gold, archeology SwaziLand 1 month in Namibia a quick look at South African MINERALS . . . . Kimberley diamond mine St. Lucia Wetlands Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park Drakensberg Nat’l Park West Coast Nat’l Pk Cedarberg Wilderness nuclear power plant Addo Elephant Park Tsitsikamma Na’tl parK Garden Route Cape Town

  22. Natural Resources that shaped World History Copper Tin Iron Coal Oil South Africa

  23. Natural Resources that shaped World History Copper Tin Iron Coal Oil Coal “self-sufficient in most of its mineral needs”, including . . . andalusite antimony asbestos chromium cobalt copper fluorspar lead lime limestone manganese nickel platinum phosphate rock silver sulfur titanium uranium vanadium vermiculite zinc zirconium South Africa

  24. Natural Resources that shaped World History Coal reserves: 54 billion tons world’s 6th largest reserves provides 88% of S.A. primary energy provides 90% of S.A. electricity so why did S.A. build a nuclear power plant?? South Africa

  25. SOUTH AFRICA • long way from coal fields to Cape area • more economical to build a nuclear • power station than to transport coal • 1984: plant completed/on-line coal fields major industrial areas

  26. SOUTH AFRICA only 20 miles north of Cape Town WHY ? 1 - area is geologically stable spent fuel elements the only nuclear power plant in Africa low/intermediate level wastes

  27. SOUTH AFRICA only 20 miles north of Cape Town WHY ? 1 - area is geologically stable 2 - cold water of the Atlantic Ocean is ideal for cooling 3- easily accessibility to national electric grid

  28. SOUTH AFRICA “create an efficient regional electric supply” inaugurated in 1995 12 African countries 200 million people

  29. SOUTH AFRICA

  30. SOUTH AFRICA DURING 2008 . . . . shortages/rolling black-outs THE FUTURE . . . . by 2012 $39 billion US new coal/gas turbine plants by 2025 . . . double total generating capacity . . . increase nuclear contribution from 6% to 25%

  31. SOUTH AFRICA diamonds . . . Kimberly diamond mine nuclear power plant

  32. SOUTH AFRICA diamonds . . . 1866: young boy found 21.25 carat diamond in a stream – called "Eureka“ 1871: 82 carat diamond found on slopes of nearby hill – GOLD RUSH Kimberley diamond mine Vail River Orange River 1882: claim map

  33. SOUTH AFRICA KIMBERLITE PIPES – named for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identified ground surface 1888: Cecil Rhodes consolidates leases into DeBeers Mining 1914: ‘Big Hole’ mining closes after - - 22.5 million tons earth moved - 6000 lbs diamonds found ‘underground mining’ continues - to depth of ~ 3 miles - closed in 2005 1882: claim map 2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation

  34. SOUTH AFRICA 2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation

  35. SOUTH AFRICA Buy gas, get groceries Ask for help Off she goes to a safe place! See sign about lost dog

  36. SOUTH AFRICA gold . . . . Johannesburg gold, archeology Kimberley diamond mine Mine entry Tailings dump

  37. SOUTH AFRICA gold . . . . Johannesburg gold, archeology Johannesburg historically, world’s largest producer 2007: surpassed by China

  38. SOUTH AFRICA Gold Production History 1970 – 2/3 world production 2007 – 1/10 world production

  39. SOUTH AFRICA Gold Production (million of ounces) South African mine have highest production costs 95% of mines are underground operations many mines are deeper than 1 mile declining grades of gold

  40. SOUTH AFRICA Chris Hardnady (research/techincaldirector,Umvoto). . . . “. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .” “. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .” (about 10 year supply at current production rates)

  41. SOUTH AFRICA Challenges to South African gold . . . - royalties - increasing electrical charges - burden of BEE (black economic empowerm’t) - recent safety shutdowns - security costs - currency exchange fluctuations Opportunity . . . . . . . . - stronger future uranium market - possible re-opening closed gold mines where uranium Is present

  42. SOUTH AFRICA So, how does geology impact our travels? Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories & provide our electrical power . . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use & to adorn our bodies REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!

  43. SOUTH AFRICA good-bye to the city . . . . . . and its dangers!

  44. Next week – Session 6 Into the Bush . . . . Looking for Animals South Africa

  45. Next week – Session 6 PLEASE! Return all borrowed books next week!

  46. REFERENCES http://geology.com/world/south-africa-satellite-image.shtml http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/East_Africa.html http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa-MINING.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_population_migrations.svg#file http://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htm http://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mining.html http://www.melkbos.com/directory/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station/ http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htm http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/ http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/South_Africa/Coal.html http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpg http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf88.html http://www.eskom.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=548 http://www.showcaves.com/english/za/mines/Kimberley.html http://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/ http://www.munoz-group.net/pics/map_africa.jpg http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S003823532009000500004&script=sci

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