Integrating Sources

1. Integrating Sources

2. What are sources? • Primary • Directly from the person (report) or time (letters / poetry/ books) • Example: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales • Secondary • Criticism about the primary source or discussion of an experiment • Example: Paul T. Thurston’s “Artistic Ambivalence in Chaucer’s Knight's Tale.” • Tertiary • Collections about primary and secondary sources. • Example: Beryl Rowland’s “Contemporary Chaucer Criticism.” • http://english.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/112/3.full.pdf NB: Some sources can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your question/ research.

3. Why do we use sources? • Introduce and frame ideas and arguments • Contrast ideas or arguments • Provide evidence for your argument • Align your argument with an authority • Define a concept • Illustrate a process • Clarify a statement • Set a mood Palmquist

4. Use of sources • How can I use my sources to: • Accomplish my purpose • Address the needs and interests of my audience http://www.neubloc.com/news.asp?nid=5

5. What’s my purpose? • Paper: • Leading readers to the issue you are discussing or addressing • Responding to your prompt • Use of sources: • Strengthening your argument with evidence Palmquist

6. How can I address the interests and needs of my audience? • Analyze your assignment • Discover your audience and their reasons for reading your paper • Find what influences your readers • Understand the type of document you are writing • Know your limitations and weaknesses

7. Finding sources • Look on the Library of Congress site for subject terms • Googlescholar • Generally has a smoother search function than the library • Can put titles found into the Library database to find availability • Library • Easter egging helps • Research Librarians are your friend • Library databases • Can search multiple places at once

8. Formatting sources • Two types: • Direct Quotes • Paraphrasing • Direct quotes should be integrated: • A “careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present [an] argumen[t] that might be more pointed than you” would make (Palmquist 175). • Paraphrasing MUST be cited

9. Direct Quote • “an exact copy of words found in a source” Palmquist (133). • Use quotation marks, unless it is a block quote, and cite • Block quotes Page length • MLA • Uses direct quotes as supporting evidence • APA • Uses direct quotes rarely • Only when it cannot be said better by paraphrasing

10. Direct Quote Integration • Use partial, complete, and block quotations: • Partial: a single word, phrase or most of a sentence • Complete: one or more complete sentences • Block: extended quotations – MLA: 4 lines or more/ APA: 40 words • Modify quotes with ellipses, brackets, and “sic”: • Ellipses: indicates … words • Brackets: indicates added words [words to help fit the structure of the sentence] or to clarify meaning • “sic”: indicates errors in a source • See Palmquist page 180-181 for punctuation conventions

11. Examples of modification • The writing center is open from 9 am to 8 pm and serves all TAMUCC students. • The writing center … serves all TAMUCC students. • Directly from the book: “Your careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present arguments that might be more pointed than you might want to make on your own.”  • At use in our presentation: A “careful selection of information from your sources can allow you to present [an] argumen[t] that might be more pointed than you” would make (Palmquist 175). • In an interview with five year old Maddy, she discussed her father’s anger over her constant running in the house: “daddy was mad because I runned [sic] in the house and knocked over the table.”

12. Paraphrasing • Paraphrasing a source means taking the meaning of a passage and putting it in your own words (Palmquist 135). • Do not use quotation marks • Do cite • MLA • Uses paraphrased sources as supporting evidence • APA • Prefers paraphrasing • Paraphrasing allows the distribution of information in a compact and concise manner

13. When paraphrasing, do not… • Copy another person’s work word for word! • Substitute synonyms for words in the original text! This is considered plagiarism.

14. Problems when substituting words… • It may be too close to the original text • It may reflect the author’s “creative” use of language • It may distort the original meaning • It may be grammatically incorrect

15. Effectively Integrating Sources • How do you create strong evidence? • The Quotation Sandwich Idea + Quotation + Explanation = Evidence Boeck

16. Claim • Clearly state your claim – point – idea. Anime is part of a cultural art that has existed for centuries and adapts to cultural shifts. • Find a quote that supports this. Boeck

17. Quote • Before using a quotation in your paper, you should introduce it. • Make a smooth transition from your own words to those of another source. • Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that “Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social-economic groups” (1). • Avoid dropped quotes in a paper by using a signal phrase Boeck

18. Signal Phrase • May Include: • Author’s name and a verb • Title of work Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that “Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social-economic groups” (1). TIP: Read your sentence aloud without quotes to ensure an integrated quote. Boeck

19. Explain • Create a sentence that explains its significance • Show how it supports your claim • Explain how this supports the focus of your paper Because of its adaptability, Anime’s popularity as a cultural art has endured as a separate art form since the nineteen thirties. Boeck

20. Make the Sandwich Anime is part of a cultural art that has existed for centuries and adapts to cultural shifts. Jonathan Gladden discusses in his paper, Animania, the idea that“Japanese anime & manga represent a highly developed art form which surpasses western comics in their quality of artistry, social comment and adaptability to people of races, genders, and social-economic groups” (1).Because of its adaptability, Anime’s popularity as a cultural art has endured as a separate art form since the nineteen thirties.

21. Works Cited Boeck, Dawn. Integrating Sources. Paper. Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, 2011. Print. Gladden, Jonathan. Animania: Inside the World of Japanese Animation and Comic Art. Paper. Ohio State University, 1997. Web.   Palmquist, Mike. The Bedford Researcher. 2nded. Boston, NY: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2006. Print.

22. References Boeck, D. (2011). Integrating sources. Informally published manuscript, Writing Center, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX. Gladden, J. (1997). Animania: inside the world of Japanese animation and comic art. Informally published manuscript, Advanced Computing Center for the Arts, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved from www.gladdengraphics.com/academics/ResearchPapers/Animania.pdf Palmquist, M. (2006). The Bedford researcher. (2nd ed. ed.). Boston, NY: Bedford/ St. Martin's.

23. Integration Activity! Take a source for your current paper, find a quote, and make a sandwich.