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Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium Homeostasis. Ihab Samy Lecturer of Surgical Oncology National Cancer Institute Cairo University 2010. Facts About Calcium. Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: From the latin word calcis (lime) Uses: life forms for bones and shells

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Calcium Homeostasis

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  1. Calcium Homeostasis IhabSamy Lecturer of Surgical Oncology National Cancer Institute Cairo University 2010

  2. Facts About Calcium Date of Discovery: 1808 Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy Name Origin: From the latin word calcis (lime) Uses: life forms for bones and shells Obtained From: chalk, limestone, marble. 3.5% of crust

  3. Physiological importance of Calcium • Calcium salts in bone provide structural integrity of the skeleton • Calcium ions in extracellular and cellular fluids is essential to normal function of a host of biochemical processes • Neuoromuscular excitability • Blood coagulation • Hormonal secretion • Enzymatic regulation

  4. Calcium Homeostasis • 99% of body calcium is in the skeleton • 0.9 % intracellular • 0.1% extracellular • 45% bound to plasma proteins mainly albumin • 45% in ionized form (the physiologically active form) • 10% complexed with anions (citrate, sulfate, phosphate) • Corrected calcium = (4-serum albumin) X 0.8 + measured serum calcium

  5. Calcium Regulation • Parathormone (PTH) • 4 parathyroid glands • Release of PTH (chief cells) in response to drop in serum calcium • Magnesium needed to activate PTH release • Effects on bone, kidney and indirectly on intestines • Activates osteoclasts/osteoblasts leading to bone resorption and release of calcium and phosphorous • Promotes reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphorous in the kidney • Activates vitamin D

  6. Calcium Regulation • Vitamin D • 2 sources • Skin and Diet. • 25 (OH) Vitamin D • Storage form of Vitamin D. • Liver. • 1,25 (OH) Vitamin D • Active form of Vitamin D. • Activated by PTH and hypophosphatemia through 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme in the kidney.

  7. Calcium Regulation • PTH secretion responds to small alterations in plasma Ca2+ within seconds. • A unique calcium receptor within the parathyroid chief cell membrane senses changes in the extracellular fluid concentration of Ca2+. • This is a typical G-protein coupled receptor that activatesphospholipase C and inhibitsadenylatecyclaseincrease in intracellular Ca2+ via generation of inositol phosphates and decrease in cAMP which prevents exocytosis of PTH from secretory granules.

  8. Calcium regulates PTH secretion

  9. Calcium Regulation • When Ca2+ falls, cAMP rises and PTH is secreted. • 1,25-(OH)2-D inhibits PTH gene expression, providing another level of feedback control of PTH. • Despite close connection between Ca2+ and PO4, no direct control of PTH is exerted by phosphate levels.

  10. Calcium Homeostasis • Calcitonin • Little role in calcium homeostasis. • Secreted by parafollicular C cells of thyroid. • Neural cell origin • Medullary Hyperplasia/Cancer • Most sporadic case • MEN IIA or IIB • 15 % cases

  11. Calcium Homeostasis Parathyroid “C” Cells PTH Calcitonin Inhibit Inhibit Bone Kidney Intestine Bone Kidney Stimulate Stimulate [Ca++] [Ca++] In plasma In plasma

  12. Maximum secretion of PTH occurs at plasma Ca2+ below 3.5 mg/dL. At Ca2+ above 5.5 mg/dL, PTH secretion is maximally inhibited.

  13. Hypercalcemia • Symptoms and Signs • Only 20 % people with hypercalcemia exhibit signs and symptoms • “Calcium Stones, fragile bones, abdominal groans, psychic moans and fatigue overtones”

  14. Etiologies of Hypercalcemia Decreased Bone Mineralization Elevated PTH Aluminum toxicity Decreased Urinary Excretion Thiazide diuretics Elevated calcitriol Elevated PTH Increased GI Absorption Milk-alkali syndrome Elevated calcitriol Vitamin D excess Excessive dietary intake Granuomatous diseases Elevated PTH Hypophosphatemia Increased Loss From Bone Increased net bone resorption Elevated PTH Hyperparathyroidism Malignancy Osteolytic metastases PTHrP secreting tumor Increased bone turnover Paget’s disease of bone Hyperthyroidism

  15. Familial HypocalciuricHypercalcemia(FHH) • Genetic, autosomal dominant • Mimics primary hyperparathyroidism • PTH slightly high, however inappropriate for level of calcium • Mutation in parathyroid calcium sensor • Higher setpoint • Low urinary calcium/creatinine <0.01 • No end organ damage • No treatment required

  16. Etiologies of Hypocalcemia Increased Urinary Excretion Low PTH s/p thyroidectomy s/p I131 treatment Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism PTH resistance Vitamin D deficiency / low calcitriol Decreased GI Absorption Poor dietary intake of calcium Impaired absorption of calcium Vitamin D deficiency Poor dietary intake of vitamin D Malabsorption syndromes Decreased conversion of vit. D to calcitriol Liver failure Renal failure Low PTH Hyperphosphatemia Decreased Bone Resorption/Increased Mineralization Low PTH (aka hypoparathyroidism) PTH resistance (aka pseudohypoparathyroidism) Vitamin D deficiency / low calcitriol Hungry bones syndrome Osteoblastic metastases

  17. Hypocalcemia • PTH Resistance • Pseudohypoparathyroidism • Congenital defect • Absent metacarpal, short stature, round face, mental disability • Target organ unresponsiveness to PTH • Serum PTH levels high

  18. Thank You

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