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Feeding and Management of Swine

Feeding and Management of Swine. Animal Science 1 Unit 22. Objectives. Describe the different types of swine production. Develop feeding programs for the different stages in the life cycle of hogs Describe accepted management practices for the stages in the life cycle of hogs. Introduction.

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Feeding and Management of Swine

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  1. Feeding and Management of Swine Animal Science 1 Unit 22

  2. Objectives • Describe the different types of swine production. • Develop feeding programs for the different stages in the life cycle of hogs • Describe accepted management practices for the stages in the life cycle of hogs

  3. Introduction • Efficient use of resources is the key to profitability • To remain competitive swine producers MUST select breeding stock that will remain lean and feed efficiently

  4. Factors That Affect Profitability • Number of pigs weaned per sow • Minimum goal for producers should be 21-22 pigs per year for each breeding female • Females should be bred and managed to produce a minimums of 2.3 litters during each 12 month period • Feed efficiency • feed wastage should be considered and controlled

  5. Types of Swine Production

  6. Types • Purebred • Commercial • Feeder pig production • Buying and finishing feeder pigs • Complete sow and litter systems • Swine production can also be classified according to the type of housing used • Pasture, combination pasture and low-investment housing, high-investment total confinement

  7. Pasture Management • Farrowing a smaller number of sows per year • Requires enough pasture to be able to rotate pasture to reduce disease and parasite problems • Farrowing only once or twice a year • Low investment in building

  8. Confinement Management • High level of mechanization to reduce labor requirements • High investment in buildings and equipment • Multiple farrowings per year with a large number of hogs raised • High level of management ability needed • High degree of control over feeding operation • Better year-round working conditions • Stringent disease and parasite control program • Use of very little priced land

  9. Purebred Production • Specialized • Make up less than 1% of the total hogs raised • Produce foundation stock used in commercial production • Must be excellent managers • Higher investment in labor and record keeping • Must keep accurate records • Must spend a great deal of time advertising, showing and promoting swine breeds

  10. Commercial • Means used to produce most of the pork produced in the United States • Use crossbreeding • Often cross purebred boars onto crossbred sows • Good management is necessary

  11. Feeder Pig Production • Produces pigs that are sold to feeders who feed them to market weights • Producer has a herd of breeding sows • Baby pigs are taken care of until they reach weaning weight • A high producing herd is required • An average of 14-16 pigs marketed per sow is required to break even • Goal is to raise uniform groups of feeder pigs for sale • Health problems MUST be prevented or carefully treated • Generally requires only small investments • Farrowing needs to be scheduled to have a steady supply of feeder pigs for sale • Requires less total feed

  12. Buying and Finishing Feeder Pigs • Operator buys feeder pigs and raises them to market weight • Lest investment and managerial ability • Possible to feed pigs on pasture or with limited facilities • Trend is towards investing in more confinement systems • Cost are higher with this operation

  13. Buying and Finishing Feeder Pigs • Requires higher investment to purchase pigs • Well adapted to producers who have large amounts of grain for feed • Requires less labor • Disadvantages • Health problems • Variation in market prices • It is a fairly high risk that there will be no profit made

  14. Complete Sow and Litter System • Most common method of production • Involves • Breeding herd of sows • Farrowing pigs • Caring for and feeding the pigs to market weight • Investments • Can be low for pasture systems • High for confinement systems and facilities • Trend is toward more confinement systems with larger numbers of sows being kept in the producing herd

  15. Complete Sow and Litter System • Confinement permits spreading the production and marketing of pigs more evenly through the years • This results in an increased potential for profit • Labor, management and investment requirements vary considerably

  16. Pork Quality Assurance Program

  17. Pork Quality Assurance Program (PQA) • Implemented in 1989 by the National Pork Producers Council • Management education program with major emphasis on the swine herd health program • Anyone who raises pork can take part • Just like the Beef Check-Off

  18. PQA • 1st step—review of management practices, especially focusing on the use and handling of animal health products • Series of good management practices are reviewed and a plan is developed for needed improvements • Final step—producers plans are reviewed and verified by a verifier • The verifier can be a vet, an extension specialist, or agricultural education instructor

  19. Reducing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion

  20. Problems faced by the Swine Producers • Odor • Pollution due to excessive N and P in the manure

  21. Nitrogen • Odor problem is caused by the release of ammonia from the manure • This is caused by the nitrogen (N) • Nitrogen can be reduced by substituting synthetic lysine for soybean meal in the diet • This reduces the amount of nitrogen excreted and thus reduces the amount of ammonia generated and all in all reduces the smell! • Note: No more than 3 pounds of synthetic lysine per ton in growing-finishing diets. • Replacing two much of the soybean meal with synthetic lysine reduces the amount of other necessary amino acids in the diet and thus has a negative effect on daily gain, feed efficiency and some carcass traits.

  22. Nitrogen • Another method of reducing nitrogen is by using split sex feeding • Barrows have lower protein requirements than gilts • Feeding them separately means less protein can be fed thus reducing the amount of nitrogen excreted in the manure.

  23. Phosphorus • Corn and soybean oil, both the basis of the swine diet, have high phosphorus content • Problem- • 90% of the phosphorus is in the form of phytic acid, which is not available to the pig • More phosphorus must be supplemented, increasing the amount that is released in the manure • This all contributes to a problem of excessive amounts of phosphorus being released into the environment when the manure is applied to the land.

  24. Phosphorus • Solution?? • Adding the enzyme phytase results in more utilization of the phytate phosphorus • This results in a reduction of as much as 30% • Research is also being done in using genetically modified corn that contains less phytate

  25. Selecting Feeds for Swine

  26. Feed Costs • Range from 55-70% of the total cost of raising hogs • Combining the right kinds of feed in a well balanced ration is one of the most important tasks of the hog producer. • Nutrient needs of hogs include • Energy • Protein • Minerals • Vitamins • water

  27. Energy Feeds • Corn • Barley • Buckwheat • Milo • Wheat • Oats • Rye • Triticale • Potatoes • Bakery waste • Fats,tallows and greases • Molasses

  28. Corn • Basic energy feed • High in digestible carbs • Low in fiber • Palatable • Other feeds are compared to corn when determining their feed value • See table 22-2

  29. Corn Co-Products • Products from the corn-refining industry • Corn gluten feed • Corn germ meal

  30. Barley • Good substitute for corn • In some parts of the US it is fed more than corn • High fiber • Slightly less digestible • Higher protein • Must be supplemented with proteins, minerals, and vitamins • Ground medium fine • Also rolled or pelleted • Not as palatable • Poisonous to hogs if scabby

  31. Buckwheat • Has 80-90% of the feed value of corn • 11% crude fiber • Not as palatable • Generally mixed with other grains • Less protein supplement needed • Not recommended for lactating sows or small pigs • Can be used for gestating sows and in fast growing rations • Not recommended that it be used for more than 50% of the ration • Can cause buckwheat rash in white pigs when they are exposed to sunlight

  32. Milo • Higher protein than corn • Can replace all the corn in hog rations • Must be supplemented with protein, minerals and vitamins • Has a relative feed value of 90-95% compared to corn

  33. Wheat • Equal to or slightly higher in feed value than corn • Higher in • Protein • Lysine • Phosphorus • Relative feed value is 100-105% compared to corn • Energy value is slightly lower • Relative price of wheat compared to other grains is a determining factor when considering its use in swine rations • Must be processed through a roller mill

  34. Oats • Higher protein, but poorer quality • Protein supplement must be used • High in fiber • Relative feed value of 85-90% • Should not be substituted for more than 20% for growing-finishing hogs • Should be medium to finely ground • Hulled, rolled oats make an excellent starter ration for baby pigs

  35. Rye • Not a very good feed for hogs • Relative feed value of 90% • Less palatable than other grains • Should not make up more than 25% of the grain ration • Harder than corn and should be ground • Sometimes infested with a fungus called ergot • Ergot will cause abortion in pregnant sows and ergot infested rye should never be fed to them • It will also slow down gains in growing-finishing hogs

  36. Triticale • Hybrid cereal grain • Cross between wheat and rye • More lysine than corn • Not as palatable • No more than 50% of the ration should be triticale • Some varieties maybe infested with ergot • Ergot infested triticale should not be fed to pregnant sows.

  37. Triticale Wheat Rye Triticale

  38. Potatoes • May be fed to hogs • Contain mainly carbs • Must be fed with a protein supplement • Heavier hogs make better use of potatoes • Takes about 400 lbs of spuds to equal the feed value of 100 lbs of corn • Should be fed at the rate of 1 part potatoes to 3 parts grain • Should be cooked before they are fed

  39. Bakery Waste • Include • Stale bread, bread crumbs, cookies, crackers • Average protein content is about 10% • A good protein supplement must be fed

  40. Fats, Tallow and Greases • High energy • Make up less than 5% of the ration • Used to improve the binding qualities of pelleted feed • Binding quality is how well the feed particles stick together • Decreases carcass quality if feed in excess • Contain no protein, minerals, or vitamins • Proper nutrient supplements are essential when these substances are part of the ration

  41. Fats, Tallow, Greases Tallow Lard

  42. Molasses • Provide carbs • Can be substituted for part of the grain • Should never be more than 5% of the ration • May result in scours if over-fed

  43. Plant Proteins

  44. Soybean Oil Meal • Available with a 44 or 49% protein content • 49% meal is used in pre-starter and starter rations • Both are equal in value for growing-finishing pigs • Protein quality is excellent • Most widely used protein source in hog rations • Very palatable • Hogs will overeat soybean oil meal if fed free choice • Good balance of amino acids • Other feeds that are fed are compared to soybean oil meal when determining their feed value.

  45. Cottonseed Meal • 40-45% protein • Poor quality • Low in lysine • Maybe fed as 5% of the protein in the ration • Some contains gossypol which is toxic to hogs • If the gossypol is removed cottonseed meal may replace up to 50% of the soybean oil meal in the ration • Low in minerals • Fair in in Vitamin B • Not palatable to hogs • Do not use as a starter ration

  46. Linseed Meal • 35-36% protein • Poor quality • Must be fed with other protein sources • Usually makes up no more than 5% of the ration • More calcium than soybean or cotton meals, about the same for Vitamin B • Best fed in combination with animal protein sources • Acts as a laxative in large amounts

  47. Peanut Meal • 47% protein • Low in several amino acids • Must be fed with other protein sources • Becomes rancid if stored more than a few weeks • Low in vitamins and minerals

  48. Whole Soybeans • About 37% protein • Can be used to replace soybean oil meal • Higher in energy • Lower in protein • 6 lbs of whole cooked soybeans can substitute for 5 lbs of soybean oil meal • Higher energy of the whole soybeans may increase feed efficiency by 5% • Do not use raw soybeans in growing-finishing ration • They contain an antitrypsin factor that prevents the action of the enzyme trypsin in non-ruminants such as swine, resulting in a reduction in the availability of tryptophan, an essential amino acid • Heating the soybeans destroy the antitrypsin factor

  49. Animal Proteins

  50. Tankage and Meat Scraps • 50-60% protein • Inadequate amounts of the amino acid tryptophan • Must be used with other protein sources • High in calcium, phosphorus • Vitamin content is variable • Not as palatable as soybean meal • Maximum percentage of tankage included depends on the ration being fed • Gestation rations 10% • Lactation 5% • Growing and finishing 5% • Starter rations 0%

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