INTRODUCTION TO IPM & INSECT PESTS

2. INTRODUCTION TO IPM&INSECT PESTS Pam Compton IPM Tech CES/UAF

3. IPM – Integrated Pest Management The use of all available tactics or strategies to attain an economically acceptable yield or plant quality while causing the least disruption to people, pets and the environment.

4. The 6 Steps of IPM 1. Inspect and Investigate 2. Identify and Learn 3. Monitor 4. Choose Control Methods 5. Evaluate 6. Educate

5. 1. Inspect & Investigate • Locations discovered • Conditions • Number observed • When noticed

6. 2. Identify & Learn • Id the pest life cycle pest/beneficial what does it eat where does it live • Is it native to Alaska, to South Central?

7. 3. Monitor • Trap • Check back with client • Learn which control method works best

8. Habitat Modification clean fix leaks seal holes remove food & shelter Biological Controls encourage beneficals Physical Methods trapping remove by hand fly swatter pest proof barriers vacuuming strong spray of water Pesticides least poisonous pest specific 4. Choose Control Methods

9. 5. Evaluate • Check if the pests are still there. • Which control method is working the best. • Use a different control if necessary. 6. Educate • Teach others what you have learned.

10. INSECT PESTS Of The Garden

11. Dave Guinn APHIDS • Green Peach Aphid, more than 800 plant species host this insect • Appear to over winter in the egg stage, aphids can produce live young continuously over the summer without mating

12. P F Compton, UAF/CES • Winged mated adults produce the over wintering eggs in the fall • Eggs are often laid in a protected site; near a leaf bud or on the bark of trees

13. Nymphs go through 5 instars before becoming adults Feed on over 52 different plants, including native and ornamentals Overwinter as adults STINKBUG

15. www.hortnet.co.nzP F Compton, UAF/CES DAMAGE • Leaf distortion caused by feeding; feeding can also distort flowers and fruit • Loss of plant vigor • Aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty black mold can grow • Spread of disease

16. Control Options • Use a high PF Compton UAF/CES pressure spray of water • Rub insects off • Encourage predators • Reflective mulches • Insecticidal soap spray • Horticultural oils • Other registered pesticides Ipm ncsu edu

17. Pam Compton CES/UAF CUTWORMS • Different species of soil-dwelling caterpillars (Noctuidae) • Curl into a ‘C’ when disturbed • Usually feed at night, clip plant off at soil level • Some climb mature plants to feed on leaves

18. Damage • Many over winter as eggs that hatch in early spring • Feed on crops or weeds • Move into the soil to pupate by mid summer • Adults emerge in July or August

19. Control Options • Keep the areas surrounding the garden free of sod and weeds • Cultivate the soil in the fall • Use collars, barriers or screens to keep cutworms from reaching plants • Sticky bands can trap climbing cutworms • Insecticides including Bt can be used before serious damage occurs

20. Pam Compton CES/UAF MITES Tiny, eight-legged, round-bodied animals that resemble spiders Both young and adult pierce the plant then feed on the plant juices

21. Pam Compton CES/UAF DAMAGE • Feeding result in a mottled pattern and leaf distortion • Can result in reduced flower and fruit production • Some mites produce webbing or galls

22. Clover Mites

23. P F Compton, UAF/CES

24. CONTROL OPTIONS • If possible use a forceful spray of water to dislodge • Insecticidal soap if labeled for mites • Predator introduction • IGR’s (Insect Growth Regulator) • Miticides

25. Insect Images Jack T Reed THRIPS • Small, fast moving, dark-brown insects with feathery wings • Deposit eggs in slits made in the leaf • Generally over winter as adults

26. Insect Images-Ronald Smith-Whitney Cranshaw DAMAGE • Leaves where feeding has occurred may become silvery-grey with brownish feces left by feeding thrips • Leaves may become distorted; flowers mottled

27. CONTROL OPTIONS • Insecticidal soap, check label for precautions when using on delicate blooms • Botanical and synthetic insecticides are also available

28. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org • The rose tortrix moth is established in Anchorage and has now been introduced to the Mat-Su • European leaf-roller • Attacks the rose family; wild & cultivated roses, raspberry, cotoneaster, apple and mt ash.

29. P F Compton, UAF/CES

30. DAMAGE • Stop local growth by chewing terminal buds below calyx • Damage to blossoms can cause premature drop or malformed fruit • Webbing can interfere with photosynthesis

31. Larch Sawfly

32. Imported Currant Worm

33. Diamond Backed Moth

34. Raspberry Cane Maggot

35. Greenhouse and Houseplant Pests

36. Insect Images-Whitney Cranshaw FUNGUS GNATS • Adults live ~1 week and tend to be a pest due to their flying behavior and numbers • Eggs are laid in the soil soon after mating • Larvae feed on organic material including plant roots

37. Insect Images-Gerald J Lenhard • DAMAGE • Plant injury occurs when the larvae feeds on tiny plant roots • Seedlings are more at risk to feeding damage

38. CONTROL OPTIONS • Vacuum pests off plants • Sticky traps • Introduce beneficial insects • Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide, or other; listing host plant, pest and the site on the label • Eliminate any easy way in • Alter habitat, reduce moisture

39. Insect Images-Whitney Cranshaw LEAFMINERS • Foliage of many plants may be attacked; vegetables, houseplants, and trees • Leafminers may be flies, sawflies, or moths • Eggs are laid on the surface or inserted into plant tissue

40. (top)Pam Compton, CES/UAF (bottom)Insect Images-John A Weidhass DAMAGE • Larvae live and feed between leaf surfaces • Photosynthetic activity is reduced and plant is weakened

41. CONTROL OPTIONS • Screen or cover susceptible plants when adults are present • Removal of infested plant leaves will reduce future pest populations • Systemic insecticides; plant, pest, and site listed on label • IGR’s (Insect Growth Regulators) pest specific • Secure points of access for pests

42. Insect Images-Whitney Cranshaw//USDA ARS photo unit MEALYBUGS • The nymph move freely about the plant until they find a spot to settle • Once they settle production of the waxy covering begins or else will develop into short lived winged males • Females will lay hundreds of eggs beneath the waxy covering

43. Insect Images-William M Ciesla DAMAGE • Cousin to the aphid, mealybugs pierce the plant and feed on the sap • The plants vigor and growth is reduced as they feed • Plants then become more susceptible to other insects and disease

44. CONTROL OPTIONS • Hand pick • Shower with high pressure spray (careful with fragile foliage) • Stationary insects can be swabbed off with alcohol • Introduce beneficial insects • Sticky traps • Systemic insecticides, labeled for plant, pest, and site

45. Stevehopkin.co.uk SPRINGTAILS • Primarily are decomposers • Can be found in rich organic soil • They have a short life cycle

46. www.emporia.edu/biosci DAMAGE • Rarely are plants damaged by springtails • Large populations may damage root hairs of most greenhouse plantings

47. CONTROL OPTIONS • Change the organic content of your potting soil • Eliminate high moisture areas • Introduce beneficial insects • Insecticides which list pest, plant, and site

48. (top)Insect Images-David Riley—(down) Central Science Lab. Harpenden Archives WHITEFLIES • Females lay circular groups of eggs on the undersides of leaves • Nymphs resemble the young of mealybugs or scale • The adults emerge after pupation • Broadly oblong wings are covered with a white waxy powder

49. Insect Images-David Riley DAMAGE • Most greenhouse and houseplants are hosts • Adults can usually be seen resting on the foliage • Nymphs decrease the vigor of the plant by sucking the sap

50. CONTROL OPTIONS • Hand pick or vacuum visible pests • Sticky traps • Spot kill with an alcohol swab • Introduce and encourage beneficial insects • Alter plant habitat • Insecticidal soap, botanical insecticide listing host plant, pest, and site • IGR’s