Ruminant Internal Medicine and Infectious diseases

1. Ruminant Internal Medicine and Infectious diseases By Ayman Ali

2. Before you begin you must know 1- Minimum knowledge about most common diseases and problems in the large animal field 2- Basic clinical techniques (examination, injection, anesthesia) 3- Field terminology 4- How to handle the owner 5- Continuously improve yourself (discussion with other fellows “at fieldawy”, Reading)

6. Workshop components • Clinical Examination of Ruminants • Gastrointestinal Diseases • Acute Ruminal Impaction • Colic • Blood Parasites • Babesia • Respiratory Diseases • Feedlots • Neonates, Young and Secondary Respiratory Infections • Mastitis • Coliform • Metabolic Diseases : • Milk fever • Nutritional deficiency • Phosphorus • Bloat • Calf Diarrhea • Anaplasma • Thieleria • Trypanosoma • ARDS Corynbacteria Staphylococci Sheep and Goats • PPH • Ketosis • Calcium • Vit E-Sel • Copper

7. 1. Clinical Examination of Ruminants Temperature Mucous membranes Abdominal contour Lymph nodes Rumen motility Abdominal pings Lungs Heart Eyes Nostrils Mouth Mentation Right side pings

8. 2. Gastrointestinal Diseases • Acute Ruminal Impaction • Times of Impaction: • Sunday • First week and last week at feedlot • Accidental • Sudden change for not adapted animal • Signs: • Extreme variation from mild case to sever life threatening cases • Rumen stasis ± Tympany ± Diarrhea • Histminpsis: Dullness, Difficulty breathing, Congested m.m, Recumbency • Complications: • Laminitis • Liver abscessation • Vit B1 deficiency • Treatment: • Antiacid (Oral/IV) • Calcium • Multivitamin • Antihistaminic • Norocillin • Cholertics

9. 2. Gastrointestinal Diseases • Colic: Usually of nutritional origin (Low fiber feeds at feedlot, First week on barseem feeding) Constipation Signs: Frequent laying down and standing up Kicking the abdomen Stretching the body Treatment: Flostac iv or im ± Atropine 1 ml/100 kg b.wt Calcium Laxavet in case of constipation

10. 2. Gastrointestinal Diseases • Bloat • Free gas bloat (Feedlot) • Frothy bloat (Berseem feeding) • Chronic bloat • Free gas bloat (Feedlot) • Frothy bloat (Berseem feeding) • Paraffin oil or cocking oil • Calcium • Correction of dietary errors • Chronic bloat • Diphragmatic hernia – Vagus indigestion – Physical obstruction (Hairballs)

11. 2. Gastrointestinal Diseases • Calf Diarrhea • Causes according to age • Neoantes • Bacterial • Viral • Protozoal • Dietic • Young • Coccidia • Parasitic infections • Vitamin and Mineral deficiency • Dehydration • How to assess • Muzzle, Eye and Neck skin • Treatment delay with fluids will convert moderate cases to sever

16. Treatment of Calf diarrhea: • Fluids • Antibiotics • NSAID • Supportive

18. 3. Blood Parasites • Most common in summer months (vectors) • Endemic stability in your region • Babesia • Anaplasma • Theilera • Trypanosoma

20. 3. Blood Parasites • Treatment: the 2 stages • Antiparasitics drugs: • Imidocarb (Babesia, Anaplasma) • Diminazine (Babesia, Trypanosoma) • Buparvaquione (Thileria) • Quinapyramine (Trypanosma) • Supportive: • Calcium • Multivitamin • Liver support (Liveria, Heptaminol, Ornepural)

21. 4. Respiratory Diseases Selection of antibiotic in ruminant respiratory infections • Neonate • Respiratory infections secondary to viral infections • Feedlot BRD

22. 5. Mastitis • Coliform: • Time: Usually at first month in lactation • Cause: E. coli or Klebesilla • Source of infection: Bedding • Signs: Endotoxemia • Treatment: • Sulpha/TMP – Marbofloxacine – 4th generation Cephalosporine • NSAID ± Dexa • Supportive

24. 5. Mastitis • Corynbacteria: • Time: First weeks after drying off • Source of infection: Flies, mosquitoes and mechanical • Signs: Fever, off food, enlarged udder with large amount of pus secretons • Treatment: • Antibiotic: Oxy ± Tylosine • Penicillins • NSAID • Evacuation

25. 5. Mastitis • Staphylococci اللهو الخفى • Most infection in Cattle and Buffaloes: Chronic or subclinical • Main cause of clinical mastitis in Sheep and Goats • Antibiotics: • Tylosine • 3rd or 4th Cphalosporines • Treatment options: • Culling (All or specific quarter) • Systemic + IMM treatment • Treatment at drying off

31. 6. Metabolic Diseases : • Milk fever: • Time: last week of pregnancy to first week of lactation • Time: from the 4th or 5th lactation • Signs: The 3 stages • Treatment: • Calcium • AD3E • Dexa • Incomplete milking • Non-responsive cases • Relapsing cases

33. 6. Metabolic Diseases • Ketosis: • Related to high production • 3 weeks after parturition – Well fed cows • Treatment: • Glucose IV • Oral glycogenic • Corticosteroids • Tonics • PPH: • Causes: • Trifolium alex. • Treatment • Phosphorus • Antioxidant • Preformed ATP

36. 7. Nutritional deficiency • 1. Phosphorus: • Reduced berseem appetite • Chronic lameness • Spontaneous fracture • Smooth inactive ovaries • How to treat? • 2. Calcium: • Rickets and hypocalcaemia in feedlot calves • How to treat?

37. 7. Nutritional deficiency • E-Selenim deficiency: • Common at first 2 months (especially sheep and goats) • Progressive weakness till recumbencey and death

38. 7. Nutritional deficiency : • Copper : • 1- Swayback in lambs2- Recumbnecy in adult cattle3- Anemia and reduced appetite in buffalo calvesTreatment:Orally copper sulfateInjection Minarine

40. Example of Rule-out other diseases method in clinical diagnosis

41. Recommended titles Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle,2nd Edition

43. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5th Edition

46. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal, 3rd Edition

47. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9th. Edition

48. Dairy Production and Processing: The Science of Milk and Milk Products,1st Edition