Construction Materials

1. Construction Materials Unit 9

2. page 93 Unit 9Construction Materials Learning Objectives • Identify the basic components of concrete • Explain different types of masonry brick, block, and mortar • Classify wood as hardwood or softwood

3. page 93 Unit 9Construction Materials Learning Objectives continued • Recognize different structural steel shapes • Describe various types of glass, plastic, and insulation • Identify symbols representing materials on a drawing

4. Unit 9 page 93 Concrete • one of the oldest building materials • used by the Romans - 100 B.C. • cement, aggregates, & water

5. Unit 9 page 93 Concrete • when first mixed it is plastic • hardening caused by chemical reaction between the cementwhen water is added • set in 2 - 12 hours • held in place by forms

6. Unit 9 page 93 Types of Cement • Portland cement • white • colored • Low heat of hydration • High early strength

7. TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III TYPE IV TYPE V normal cement moderate sulfate resistance high early strength low heat of hydration high sulfate resistance CEMENT TYPES ASTM C 150

8. CONCRETE CEMENT ENTRAINED + ENTRAINED 10% 5% WATER 15% Mixture Proportions 25% FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) 45% COARSE AGGREGATE

9. Concrete Mixes • produced to meet a desired result • mixed by volume with enough water to make the concrete flow into the forms • too much water will reduce the strength of the concrete • water / cement - w/c ratio

10. Unit 9 page 94 Reinforced Concrete • concrete is great in compressive strength but very poor in tensile strength • reinforcing steel overcomes the weak tensile strength • bars with deformation • bars are placed prior to the concrete being placed

11. Reinforced Concrete

12. Unit 9 pages 94-95 Concrete Construction • Precast - cast at factory • Cast-in-Place - cast at job site • Prestressed • Pretensioned - prior to placing concrete • Posttensioned - after placing concrete

13. Posttensioning

14. Unit 9 page 95 Masonry • building modular units • brick • tile • glass • gypsum • stone - not always modular

15. Unit 9 page 96 Stone Masonry • granite • limestone • marble • sandstone • fieldstone • slate • cut stone - removed from quarry

16. Unit 9 page 96 Brick Masonry • adobe • kiln-burned • sand-lime • concrete • building brick • face brick • glazed brick • fire brick • paving brick

17. Unit 9 page 96 Mortar • Type M • high compressive good durability • Type S • high strength, strong bond • Type N • medium strength, general use • Type O • low strength, interior use • Type K • very low strength, interior use

18. Unit 9 page 97 Structural Clay Tile • open cell • various sizes & shapes • load-bearing • backup for curtain walls • fireproofing around structural steel

19. Unit 9 page 97 CMUConcrete Masonry Units • widely used in building construction • made of cement, sand, gravel expanded shale, & pumice • various size & shapes • 7 5/8”x7 5/8”x15 5/8” actual size • add 3/8” mortar joint 8”x8”x16”

20. Unit 9 page 97 Gypsum Blocks • made of gypsum & a binder of vegetable fiber or wood chips • interior nonbearing walls • fire-resistant partitions • face size of 12” x 30” & come in thickness of 2”, 3”, 4”, & 6”

21. Unit 9 pages 97-98 Gypsum Wall Board & Plaster • made of air-entrained gypsum between two layers of treated paper • typical size 4’ x 8’ sheets

22. Unit 9 page 98 Wood Products • chief building material used today • wood classifications • hardwoods • softwoods

23. Unit 9 page 98 Hardwoods • hickory • mahogany • maple • oak • walnut • ash • ash-white • beech • birch • cherry • elm • gum

24. Unit 9 page 98 Softwoods • cypress • fir, douglas • fir, white • hemlock • pine, ponderosa • pine, southern • pine, white • poplar, yellow • red cedar, eastern • red cedar, western • redwood • spruce

25. Unit 9 page 98 Lumber lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced to be sized • rough-sawn has been cut to rough size but not dressed or surfaced

26. Unit 9 page 98 Lumber continued lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced to be sized • surfaced lumber has been dressed or finished to size by running through a planer • S2S, S4S refers to number of sides finished

27. Unit 9 page 98 Plywood • made of several layers with grain @ right angles on each layer • odd number are glued to make faces run in same direction • panels are finished to 1/8” to over 1” in thickness • typically 4’ x 8’ panels

28. Unit 9 page 98 Plywood • interior plywood • water-resistant glue • cabinets, interior flooring • exterior plywood • waterproof glue • exterior wall sheathing • roof sheathing • concrete forms

29. Unit 9 page 98 Glue-Laminated Timber • bonding layers of lumber with adhesives • wood beams • arches • many sizes • prefabricated at factory

30. Unit 9 page 98 Figure 9 - 6 Glue-Laminated Timber

31. Unit 9 page 99 Metal Products • used extensively in construction • structural steel • metal windows • doors • metal studs • look around

32. Unit 9 page 99 Structural Steel • is a term applied to hot-rolled steel sections, shapes, & plates • formed by hot steel strips (billets, blooms, &/or slabs) • run through succession of rollers, gradually forming the shape • see Figure 9-7 • available in many sizes & shapes

33. Structural Steeltypical designations • for wide flange • W12x16 - indicates a beam 12” deep that weighs 16#/LF • for angles • L3x3x1/2 - indicates both legs 3” by 1/2” thick

34. indicated by heavy line Structural Steel W8x24

35. Unit 9 page 100 Figure 9 - 8 Structural Steel

36. Unit 9 page 100 Figure 9 - 8 Structural Steel

37. Unit 9 pages 99-101 Welded Wire Fabric • indicated by WWF • prefabricated material used mostly in concrete slabs, floors, & pipe • consists of a mesh steel wires welded together • smooth ‘W’ or deformed ‘D’

38. Unit 9 pages 99-101 Welded Wire Fabric designation numbers • 6x6-W1.4xW1.4 6x6 = wire spacing W = smooth wire 1.4 = gage of wire

39. Unit 9 page 102 Welded Wire Fabric Figure 9 - 12

40. Unit 9 page 102 Figure 9 - 11 Welded Wire Fabric

41. slab chairs Welded Wire Fabric slab section

42. Unit 9 pages 101-103 Glass • ceramic material formed at temperatures above 2300ºF • made from sand (silica) soda (sodium oxide) and lime (calcium oxide)

43. Unit 9 pages 101-103 Glass float glass • continuous ribbon of molten glass flows out of furnace • and floats on a bath of molten tin • fire polished & annealed • 90% of the glass is float

44. Unit 9 pages 101-103 Glass • sheet glass - window glass • SS - single strength 3/32” or 1/8” • DS - double strength 3/16” - 7/16” • plate glass - heat treated & polished • bent glass - heated and pressed over a form

45. Unit 9 page 102 Glass safety glass • tempered glass - heat annealed glass to near melting point & then chill rapidly … • creating high compression on the exterior surface & high tension internally • shatters into small pieces • can not be cut, drilled, or ground

46. Unit 9 pages 102-103 Glass safety glass • laminated glass - consist of layers of vinyl between sheets of glass. . .bonded by heat & pressure • the glass when struck & broken is held together by the plastic

47. Unit 9 page 103 Glass safety glass • wire glass - wire mesh molded into the center • when broken the wire holds the glass together • can be obtained with etched finish, sandblasted, or patterned

48. Unit 9 page 103 Glass • insulated glass - glass separated by an air space that is dehydrated & sealed. • good insulators against heat or cold

49. Unit 9 page 103 Glass • patterned glass - sheet glass with pattern rolled into one or both sides • used to diffuse light or provide privacy

50. Unit 9 page 103 Glass • stained glass - sometimes called art or cathedral glass • produced by adding metallic oxides to the glass while in its molten state • cut to design & leaded together to create stained glass windows