Literacy and Science Education

1. Literacy and Science Education Bert Caine EDU 268 10/15/2012

2. Lesson Plan Outline • 1) front-loading of vocabulary • 2) Didactic lecture with note scaffolding • 3) lab activity with realia and forced use of vocabulary in lab report

3. Cell Boundaries • All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier known as the cell membrane • Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a cell wall

4. Cell Membrane • The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. • The composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer.

5. Cell Membrane

6. Cell walls • Cell walls are present in many organisms, including plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes. • Cell walls lie outside the cell membrane • The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell

7. Cell wall

8. Cell wall

9. Diffusion Through Cell Membranes • One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side to the liquid on the other side

10. Measuring concentration • The concentration of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

11. Measuring concentration

12. diffusion • Particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, a process known as diffusion • When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium

13. diffusion

14. diffusion

15. osmosis • Water passes easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrance

16. How Osmosis Works • Water will move across a membrane until equilibrium is reached. At that point, the concentrations of water and sugar will be the same on both sides of the membrane. • When that happens, the solutions will be isotonic • A more concentrated sugar solution is hypertonic • A dilute sugar solution is hypotonic

17. How Osmosis Works

18. How Osmosis Works

19. How Osmosis Works

20. Osmotic pressure • Osmosis exerts a pressure known as osmotic pressure on the hypertonic side of a semipermeable membrane. • This means that osmotic pressure should produce a net movement of water into a typical cell that is surrounded by fresh water

21. Facilitated diffusion • Cell membrane channels are said to facilitate, or help, the diffusion of certain substances across the membrane. • This process is known as facilitated diffusion. • Hundreds of different protein channels have been found.

22. Facilitated Diffusion

23. Active Transport • As its name implies, active transport requires energy. • The active transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane is generally carried out by transport proteins or “pumps”

24. Active Transport

25. Active Transport

26. Molecular transport • Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane that act like energy-requiring pumps.

27. Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, in the cell membrane. • in phagocytosis, extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole • In pinocytosis, tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell

28. Endocytosis and exocytosis

29. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

30. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

31. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

32. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

33. phagocytosis

34. phagocytosis

35. Endocytosis and exocytosis • During exocytosis, the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.