Download
1 / 26
260 likes | 356 Views
Mark Van de Velde LLACAN - C.N.R.S. (Paris). “Dependency reversal” in northern sub-Saharan Africa. 1. introduction. (1) Basaa (Bantu; Hyman 2003) a. li ̀- wánda ́ li ́= kíŋɛ ̂ 5-friend v.gen =chief ‘the friend of the chief’ b. li ̀- kɛ́ŋgɛ ́ li ́=m- ût
E N D
Mark Van de Velde LLACAN - C.N.R.S. (Paris) “Dependency reversal” in northern sub-Saharan Africa.
1. introduction (1) Basaa(Bantu; Hyman 2003) a. lì-wándá lí=kíŋɛ̂ 5-friend v.gen=chief ‘the friend of the chief’ b. lì-kɛ́ŋgɛ́ lí=m-ût 5-clever v.gen=1-person ‘a clever person’ c. mà-kɛ́ŋgɛ́ má=ɓ-ôt 6-clever vi.gen=2-persons ‘clever people’
1. introduction PLAC but not DRNA (2) Makwe (Benue-Congo, Bantu; Mozambique; Maud Devos 2008: 136) muú-nu w-á=ki-búúli 1-person i-gen=7-silent ‘a silent person’ (literally: ‘person of silent’) (3) Zaar (Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West B3; Nigeria; Bernard Caron 2005: 227) lâtkə́ mūːrī skin gen new ‘a new skin’ (literally: ‘skin of new’)
1. Introduction Sometimes compared to: expressive binominal NPs (EBNPs) (Ad Foolen 2004) (4) Shingazidja(Benue-Congo, Bantu; Grande Comore; Michel Lafon 1997: 161) a. trombe l-a=m-ndru [5]avorted_seedv-gen=1-person ‘a dead loss’ b. dji-ndru l-a=meza 5-giant v-gen=table ‘a huge table’
2. DRNA in Benue-Congo languages Eton(Bantu A70; Cameroon; Mark Van de Velde 2008)
2. DRNA in Benue-Congo languages Eton(Bantu A70; Cameroon; Mark Van de Velde 2008) (5) ɛ̀bèŋ ɛ́ lôŋ ɛ̀-bɛ̀ŋ ɛ́=lòŋ 5-beauty v.gen=[5]hair ‘beautiful hair’ (6) ìŋgúŋgwálí môd ì-ŋgúŋgwálí=m-òd 7-miserable vii.gen=1-person ‘a miserable person’
2. DRNA in Benue-Congo languages (7) a. ìvèvɛ̀zḿpégíꜜté kù ì-və̀vɛ̀zH=ɴ̀-pɛ́gí-Ltɛ́ L-kù 7-light vii.gen=3-bag vii.prinf-fall ‘The light bag falls.’ b. mèté ꜜyɛ́nyɔ̂ mə̀-Ltɛ́ L-jɛ́n j-ɔ̋ 1sg-pr inf-see vii-pro ‘I see it.’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages 3.1. Gbaya(CAR; Paulette Roulon-Doko 1987, 2008, p.c.)
3. DRNA in ubangian languages 3.1. Gbaya(CAR; Paulette Roulon-Doko 1987, 2008, p.c.) (8) gbã̀ʔã́ fɔ̀ gbã̀ʔã̀-Hfɔ̀ old-rel field ‘an old field (waste land)’ (9) gásá tùà gásí-á(-H)tùà be.big-adj-(rel) house ‘a big house’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (10) bàfá ndàè bàfà-Hndàè male-rel cow ‘a bull’ (11) wèé yì wèè-Hyì fire-rel water ‘hot water’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (12) gásáà gásí-á-H-à be.big-adj-rel-3sg.poss.inan ‘the big one’ (lit. ‘its being big’)
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (9) gásá tùà gásí-á(-H) tùà be.big-adj-(rel) house ‘a big house’ (13) gàsì kɔ́ tùà bignessrel house ‘the bigness of the house’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages 3.2. Zande(DRCongo; Raymond Boyd 1987, ms.)
3. DRNA in ubangian languages 3.2. Zande(DRCongo; Raymond Boyd 1987, ms.) (14) mēmē nyā bone animal ‘The bone of an animal’ (15) gà gbíá ꜜkúmbá gen chief man ‘the chief’s man’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (16) pàràngá ꜜkúmbá young man ‘a boy’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (19) a. gbāngā ngūà ́ nāà gūrū ngūà long tree with short tree ‘the long stick and the short stick’ b. gbāngā ngūǎ nāà gūrū hé long tree with short 3sg.inan.poss ‘the long stick and the short one’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages (20) a. fù̧à bòrǒ wà fù̧à ángó té track person like track dog neg ‘A person’s track is not like a dog’s track.’ b. fù̧à bòrǒ wà gà ángóté track person like gen dogneg ‘A person’s track is not like a dog’s.’
3. DRNA in ubangian languages “Deep” DRNA (21) a. gbīnzà kúmbá wà gbīnzà dē ́ té old man like old woman neg ‘An old man is not like an old woman.’ b. gbīnzà kúmbá wà gà dē ́té old man like gen womanneg ‘Old men and women are not the same.’
4. DRNA in chadic languages Hausa (West Chadic; Nigeria)
4. DRNA in chadic languages (24) kàaká-an yáaròo grandfather-lk.ms boy[ms] ‘the boy’s grandfather’ (25) rìigáafár-áa gown[fs] white-fs ‘white gown’
4. DRNA in chadic languages (26) a. fár-á-r rìigáa white-fs-lk.fsgown[fs] ‘white gown’ b. fár-i-n zánèè white-ms-lk.ms cloth[ms] ‘white cloth’
5. DRNA in Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi languages Bongo (Central Sudanic; Sudan; Pierre Nougayrol 2008)
5. DRNA in Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi languages Bongo (Central Sudanic; Sudan; Pierre Nougayrol 2008) (27) fɨ̀rkʉ̀ɲà speech bad ‘bad words’ (28) mà-kʉ̀ɲà fɨ̀r der-bad speech ‘bad words’ (29) fɨ̀r ká kʉ̀ɲ-àa speech with badness-of_it ‘bad words’
6. a tentative scenario The DRNA pattern originates in the Ubangian languages. In Gbaya, for instance, the majority of qualifiers are relational nouns derived from verbs. DRNA constructions are structurally identical to Action Nominal Constructions. This analysis does not (or rarely) work in non-Ubangian “DRNA languages” in the area. DRNA must have been borrowed from Ubangian in these languages.
