The Basics of Geography.!

1. The Basics of Geography.! Christian Boyce Shanyria Cook Michael Harris Joshua Osborn Harlan Community Academy High School AP Human Geography David A Pietruszka, Facilitator

2. What is human geography.? • Geography is the study of where and why human activities are located where they are. • Geography is the study of the earth and how humans interact with it.

3. What tools do geographers use to describe where things are.? • MAPS.!

4. Maps and map making.! • Maps are the scale model of the real world, made small enough to work with on desk or computer. • A map is a tool used to find your way around the world. They come in came in many shapes, sizes and projections. • The earliest map was found on stone in the 17th century in the middle east. • After Ptolemy, little progress in map making or geographic thought was made in Europe for several hundred years. • Maps became less mathematical and more fanciful.

5. Map Scale.! • Is the comparison of a ratio to measurements on a map to actual distance between two locations. • Presented in three ways: • ratio or fraction • Written scale • Graphic scale

6. Geographic Information System / Global Positioning system • GIS- computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data. • GIS provide more accurate and attractive images than those done by hand • GPS- system that accurately determines the precise position of something on earth.

7. maps.! • Robinson projection is useful for showing information across ocean, but the major problem is that the land area is much smaller • Mercator projection direction, and shape is distorted very little to give the most accurate placements on earth. Weakness Is the poles, where the latitude places is larger than what they should be.

8. Place & Region  A region is separated by land characteristics and a place is separated by boarders. Also they can both be manmade and natural. A region is an area whereas a place might be a location in that region. Of course it is possible for a place to either smaller or larger than a region. • Place • A Point • Chicago, Ill • Region • An Area • Midwestern United States

9. PLace • How can you Identify a place’s location • The Name- Toponym Ex. State of Illinois, City of Chicago, County of Cook • Site- Physical characteristics of a place (natural not man made) • Ex. Climate, Water Source, Soil etc. • Actual Location • Situation- Location of a place relative to other places • Helps find unfamiliar places by comparing it to new places • Ex. Harlan is Adjacent to Robert S. Abbot Park, in Chicago • Relative Location • Absolute Location- Mathematical location • Exact using latitude and longitude • Ex. 41 degrees N Lat, 87 degrees W Long

10. Harlan Community Academy is South of Abbott Park

11. Region • 3 Types of Regions: Formal, Functional, Vernacular • Each region has its own unique feature through a combinations of cultural features this is called a Cultural Landscape • Language • Agriculture • Religions • Industry • Climate • Political Views

12. Types of regions • Formal Region • An Homogenious • An area where everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics • Common Language, Economic Production • Ex. City of Chicago, State of Illinois • Functional Regions • An area organized around a node or focal point • A Node can be a shop or service • Ex. A News Stations, TV Station, Newspaper circulation area

13. Types of regions (cntd) • Vernacular Regions • Perceptual Regions • Not Scientifically Precise or Exact, It is Perceived • Places that people believe exist as a part of their cultural identity • Ex. The South, South Side

14. Environmental determinism v. possibilism Possibilismis the belief that anything is possible. Meaning given whatever environmental conditions we are able to overcome them through knowledge, skills, technology and money. Environmental Determinism is when the conditions in the environment tell us what we are capable of doing.

15. Cultural Hearth/Diffusion Hearth- The place from which an innovation originates. Diffusion – The process of spread a trend from one place to another over time. The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a trend/cultural trait/phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin/hearth is known as Distance Decay.

16. Different types of diffusion • Relocation Diffusion- The spread of an Idea through physical movement of people from one place to another • Expansion Diffusion- The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process. • Hierarchical Diffusion- the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority of power to the other persons or places • Ex Order From the President • Contagious Diffusion- the rapid, wide spread diffusion of a characteristics throughout the population • Stimulus Diffusion- The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse • The time it takes for something (idea/trait/phenomenon) to reach another place is known as space time compression, and because of the different types of diffusions that time is always changing

17. Types of population densities • Density- The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. • Arithmetic density- The total number of objects in an area. • Physiological density- The number of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture. • Agricultural density- The number of farmers per unit area of farmland.

18. Cultural landscape • Reflect the values and norms of a culture. • Basically its defined as the human modified environment, including fields, houses, churches, highways, planted forests and etc.