Chapter 2 New Empires in the Americas

1. Chapter 2New Empires in the Americas Thomas Herp

2. Learning Target: 9/19-22 • I can explain the advances in technology that enabled European exploration of the New World. • I can explain the positive and negative effects of the European exploration of the New World.

3. Sec 1: Europeans Set Sail Chapter Big Idea: • Europeans explored the world searching for new lands and new trade routes.

4. Viking Explorers Vikings were skilled sailors, and they were the first Europeans to reach North America. • Traveled in longships • Raided and traded with Europe • 874 AD - settled in Iceland • 986 AD Erik the Red settles Greenland

5. Vikings in North America • 1000 AD Leif Erikson, blown off course, lands on the Labrador Peninsula then sailed to Newfoundland. • Vinland - Viking settlement in N.A. • Native American attacks & to far from support of other Vikings settlements causes Vinland to be abandoned.

6. Henry the Navigator & Portugal • 1400s Portugal becomes the leader in World Exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator established a School of Navigation for sailors • He financed mapmakers & shipbuilders • Paid for African coastal explorations

7. Reasons for exploration 1. Asian Spices & Silk: cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, pepper, and other Indian spices. • Desired to bypass the merchant monopoly on trade in the Mediterranean. 2. Religion – wanted to spread Christianity 3. Interest in Asian Culture (Marco Polo’s book)

8. Technological Advances Magnetic compass Astrolabe –enabled Navigator to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the stars Shipbuilding – Caravel -used triangular (Lateen) sails – allowed it to sail against the wind -placed rudder at the Stern (back) to improve steering

9. A Sea Route to Asia • 1488 Bartolomeu Dias • Discovered the Cape of Good Hope (Africa’s southern Tip) • Originally called the Cape of Storms • 1497-98 Vasco Da Gama • Discovers a route to India around Africa

10. Results of Exploration: Europe awakens • Portugal becomes wealthy • Starts the African Slave trade • Traded for gold, ivory & slaves • Devastated African communities • Increased warfare between West African Kingdoms • New trade routes and wealth launch the Age of exploration in Europe

11. Learning Target: 9/23-24 • I can explain impact of Columbus’s discovery of the “New World” on Europe and the Newly discovered lands.

12. Sec 2: Europeans Reach the Americas The Big Idea • Christopher Columbus’s voyages led to new exchanges between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

13. Columbus Sails across the Atlantic • Christopher Columbus • Voyage paid for by Spain (King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella) • Promised: Great riches, New lands and Catholic converts • 1492 sets sail with 3 ships: Santa María, Niña, & Pinta

14. Columbus’s journey • Oct 12, 1492 land sighted – an island in the Bahamas • Named it “San Salvador” • Met the Taino people – called them Indians (Asia was known as the Indies) • Made 4 journeys to the Americas, died in 1504 (still believing he had reached India)

15. Impact of Columbus’s Voyage • Changed the way Europeans viewed the world and their place in it. • Conflict between Spain & Portugal • 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas

16. Line of demarcation & Treaty of Tordesillas • Pope Alexander VI (a Spainiard) • 1493 issues a decree – divides the Atlantic Ocean btwn Spain & Portugal. Spain got everything to the West • Line of demarcation: Spain & Portugal agreed to move the line 800 miles West with the Treaty of Tordesillas.

17. Other Explorers Sail to the Americas • 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci • Sailed to South America • He was convinced that he had discovered a “new world” • German mapmaker renamed the land America after him

18. Other Explorers Sail to the Americas • Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Based on local stories, Balboa search for another ocean to the West across Panama swamps & jungles. • 1513 he reached a mountain top and saw the Pacific Ocean • After pillaging local tribes for gold he was betray by one of his friends, accused of treason, arrested, and beheaded

19. Other Explorers Sail to the Americas • Ferdinand Magellan • 1519-1522 First person to circumnavigate the globe. • Killed in the Philippine Islands 1521 • 18 members of the original crew survived brought Magellan’s body home

20. Columbian Exchange • The transfer of plants, animals, and DISEASE between Europe, Africa, and Americas • Disease devastated the local native populations causing a need for African slaves

21. Learning Target: 9/25 • I can explain impact of Spanish exploration on the Americas.

22. Spanish Conquistadors • Conquistadors – Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas.

23. Conquest of the Aztecs • 1519 Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico • Aztecs at the height of their power led by Moctezuma II • Believed Cortés was a god & welcomed him • “City of silver & gold” • Cortés captures and kills Moctezuma, diseases kill many more

24. Conquest of the Incas • Incas also at the height of their power • Francisco Pizarro - 1530 (3rd attempt) invades Northern Peru to conquer the Incas. • 1532 captured Atahulpa(Incan King)and executed him in 1533. • 1535 completed his conquest • Assassinated in 1541 buried in Lima

25. Reasons for Spanish Victories • Superior weapons & Armor • Horses • Willpower motivated by greed • Inside help (Aztecs – Malintzin helped Cortés win allies) • European Diseases - smallpox

26. Reasons for Spanish Victories -vs-

27. Learning Target: 9/26 • I can explain impact of Spanish explorers on the native populations of America.

28. “New Spain” • Most emigrants were Spanish • Jews, Muslims, & non-Christians were forbidden to settle • ¾ men, ¼ women • 1524 Council of Indies formed • Governed New Spain • Appointed 2 Viceroys - royal governors • Peru • New Spain

29. Spanish Settlements • 3 types of settlements • Pueblos – trading posts/government centers • Missions – converting indians to Catholicism • Presidios – military bases • El Camino Real • “The Royal Road” a network of roads that connected the settlements,

30. Other explorers: Juan Ponce de Leon • 1508-1511 landed on Puerto Rico founded San Juan • 1512 discovered Florida • Given royal permission to colonize Florida but never did. • 1513 Searched for the “Fountain of Youth”

31. Other explorers: Hernando de Soto • 1539 Given permission to explore the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico • Landed near in Florida and traveled through Georgia and the Carolinas • 1541 discovered the Mississippi River • 1542 died while exploring west into Oklahoma

32. Other explorers: ÁlvarNúñezCabeza de Vaca • 1528 joined Pánfilo de Narváez to conquer Cuba, Mexico & Florida • Explored along the Gulf Coast until shipwrecked - all but 4 died, including de Vaca & Estevanico, a Moroccan slave.(his Spanish slaveholder also survived) • Captured & enslaved by local Native American groups for 6 years.

33. de Vaca journey continued • Escaped and travelled throughout the Southwest. • Received help from other Native American groups • After turning South they reached Spanish settlements in 1536 • Estevanicowas sold by his owner to the viceroy. • He served as a guide for new expeditions into the southwest, he was killed in 1539 by native Americans.

34. de Vacacontinued • De Vaca returned to Spain • called for better treatment of the Native Americans • Wrote about his experiences which fueled Spanish interest in North America • Based on his writings people believed that riches could be found in North America

35. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado • 1540 set out to explore the North American Southwest • Searched for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold. • Discovered the Grand Canyon

36. Spanish Treatment of Native Americans • Encomienda System – gave settlers the right to tax or make the Native Americans work. • The settlers were suppose to protect & convert them. • Most were treated as slaves on the vast Spanish Plantations • Many Native Americans died from their treatment • Discovery of the Americas made Spain very wealthy • 1503-1660 Fleet shipments • Gold : 500 tons • Silver: 18,600 tons • Forced Labor • Native Americans – 80% of Spanish empire’s population • Peninsulares – settlers from Spain

37. Role of the Catholic Church • King commanded that all local people be converted to Christianity • Bartolomé de Las Casas • Spanish priest • Spaniards should try to convert them through love, gentleness, and kindness • Colonists – most treated the Native Americans harshly

38. Learning Target 9/30 • I can explain how the turmoil and conflict in Europe led to European nations seeking empires in the newly discovered Americas.

39. Section 4: The Race for Empires Europe in turmoil over religion, land, and resources led to expansion into the New World

40. The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther - 95 Theses – started the reformation • A reform movement, started by Martin Luther, to correct the abuses of the Catholic Church. He was excommunicated by the Pope. • Using the printing press, Protestants printed the Bible in local languages and their own ideas for all to read.

41. Spain, England & the Spanish Armada • Conflicts between Catholics & Protestants, Catholic Church launched the Counter-Reformation. • Henry VIII – 1534 established the Church of England (Anglican church) and made himself the head of the church NOT the pope. • Huguenots – French protestants- many eventually emigrated to the Americas in search of religious freedom

42. 1588 Philip II of Spain sent a great Armada of ships to conquer England and re-establish the Catholic Church there. It failed. • Conflict btwn Elizabeth I (England and Philip II came about b/c of English privateers (piracy – “sea dogs”) raiding Spanish treasure ships. • The defeat sent Spain into decline both as a political and Economic power. • England, France and the Netherlands soon began to challenge the Spanish dominance in the Americas.

43. Europeans in North AmericaJohn Cabot • Italian explorer who explored North America for England. • He paid for his own adventure • 1497-98 travelled to Newfoundland seeking the fabled Northwest passage • Northwest Passage –fabled waterway that linked the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean • His voyages were the basis for England’s claim to lands in the Americas

46. Learning Target 10/8 • I can explain how and why Europeans forced millions of African slaves to work in their colonies.

47. Section 5: Beginnings of Slavery • millions of Native Americans died of diseases: Measles, Smallpox & typhus • Plantation agriculture depended upon slave labor – many believed Africans could solve the shortage

48. The Slave Trade • 1510 Spain legalized the sale of slaves in the colonies • Over the next century – more than a million would be brought to the colonies

49. The Middle Passage • Horrible experience – capture from the interior of Africa – chained around the neck - marched to the coast – and sold to European slavers – packed on ships - shipped to the Americas

50. The Middle Passage • Middle Passage – the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure packed onto slave ships. 1 out of every 6 slaves died on the trip