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THE WAR OF 1812

THE WAR OF 1812. America’s 2 nd War for Independence. Causes of War. Impressment Chesapeake Leopard Affair Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act British Instigation of Indians. Chesapeake Leopard Affair. June 1807 Leopard fires on USS Chesapeake 3 dead 18 wounded

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THE WAR OF 1812

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  1. THE WAR OF 1812 America’s 2nd War for Independence

  2. Causes of War • Impressment • Chesapeake Leopard Affair • Embargo Act of 1807 • Non-Intercourse Act • British Instigation of Indians

  3. Chesapeake Leopard Affair • June 1807 • Leopard fires on USS Chesapeake • 3 dead 18 wounded • Jefferson forbade ships to dock in American Ports • Ordered up state militiamen

  4. Spell Embargo Backwards

  5. Non-Intercourse Act • Replaced Embargo Act • Remained US Policy until 1812 • Unexpected Consequences • N.E. is forced to become self-sufficient through manufacturing • Laid Groundwork for US Industrial Power

  6. Presidential Election of 1808

  7. James Madison • Quiet • Soft Spoken • Small • Bald • Crippled by factions and risky foreign policy

  8. Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset • Served as Jefferson’s first Lady • Credited with saving numerous historic American Artifacts during the Burning of Washington • More outspoken and strong-willed than her husband

  9. What year did the War of 1812 begin? • As US settlers attempted to move west, they were often confronted by Native Americans who resisted them • Many settlers blamed the British for encouraging such resistance in order to protect their own interests • They also felt threatened by the presence of the British in Canada

  10. War Hawks • Young, hot-headed politicians from the south and west • Despised Impressment • Detested the Embargo • Wanted to wipe out Indian threats to pioneers

  11. “War Hawks” Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

  12. Presidential Election of 1812

  13. British Instigation of Indians British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh Battle of Tippecanoe General William Henry – Gov. of Indian Terr. Invited Indian Chiefs to IN to sign away 3 mil. Acres of land. Tecumseh organized a confederation of Indians to fight for their lands Harrison defeated confederation an becomes a national hero Tecumseh goes on to fight for the British in the War of 1812

  14. “Mr. Madison’s War” • War Hawks crying “On to Canada” • Southerners greedily eyeing Spanish Florida • National Pride and defense of sovereignty = • War inevitable • Madison asks for War and Congress obliges

  15. Twisting the Lion’s tail, pretty brave for a brand new nation • Many people in the US wanted war, many others did not • Finally on June 18, 1812, Congress declared war on Great Britain • The War of 1812, began with many in the US hoping to win land from the British in Canada and from the Spanish in Florida

  16. American Problems • The US unprepared militarily • 12 ship navy vs. 800 ships • Americans disliked the draft and preferred organizing military through state militias • Financially Unprepared • Regional/Sectional Disagreements • New England went into a state of mourning • Federalists opposed acquisition of Canada b/c it would lead to more votes for Republicans

  17. The War of 1812 • Canada becomes an important battleground • Poor offensive strategy • 3 pronged invasion of 1812 at Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain was a failure and a waste of military power and strength • 1813 invasions not much better • Look for success on the water

  18. Poor Planning Invasions of 1812 Campaigns of 1813

  19. American Navy • Better armed • Soldiers felt they had something to fight for • American ships were better made and had more fire power

  20. Oh say can you see? • At times, it appeared that the US was in trouble, especially when the British invaded and burned Washington, DC in August of 1814 • The US won an inspiring victory shortly after losing the capital, however, at the battle of Fort McHenry • The bravery of the soldiers who held the fort despite intense British fire inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner

  21. Battle of Fort McHenry • “Oh say can you see, By the Dawn’s early light….” • Francis Scott Key

  22. Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814 • Peace Treaty ending the War of 1812 • The Treaty of Ghentdid not grant any official land gains to the US • Kept the Mississippi River and the frontier open

  23. But Wait, it’s not over yetBattle of New Orleans 1815 • It was fought two weeks after the treaty had already been signed! • The US secured the signing and ratification of the treaty ending the war • Instills a strong sense of Nationalism

  24. He was a big hero!

  25. Hartford Convention • New England remains defiant • They consider secession or a separate peace with Britain • Complete failure • Became the official death of the Federalist party • Led to years of talk about secession by New Englanders

  26. Sectionalism and Nationalism • Identified with New England at this time • However, sectionalism remains a US problem until and through the Civil War • Heightened Nationalism • Emerged as a more unified nation • Strengthened finance • Led to American Literature • Washington Irving • James Fenimore Cooper

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