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Lab Review

Lab Review. “The Dirty Dozen”. Diffusion & Osmosis. Diffusion & Osmosis. Description Dialysis tubing filled with startch -glucose solution in beaker filled with IKI solution Potato Cores in Sucrose solutions Determining solute concentration of different solutions. Diffusion & Osmosis.

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Lab Review

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  1. Lab Review “The Dirty Dozen”

  2. Diffusion & Osmosis

  3. Diffusion & Osmosis • Description • Dialysis tubing filled with startch-glucose solution in beaker filled with IKI solution • Potato Cores in Sucrose solutions • Determining solute concentration of different solutions

  4. Diffusion & Osmosis • Concepts • Semi-permeable membrane • Diffusion • Osmosis • Solutions • Hypotonic • Hypertonic • Isotonic • Water Potential

  5. Diffusion & Osmosis • Conclusions • Water moves from high concentration of water (hypotonic or high water potential) to low concentration of water (hypertonic or low water potential) • Solute concentrations, polarity and size of molecule affect movement through semipermeable membrane

  6. Diffusion & Osmosis Essay 1992 A lab assistant prepared solution of .8M, .6M, .4M, and .2M sucrose, but forgot to label them. After realizing the error, the assistant randomly labeled the flasks containing these four unknown solutions as flask A, B, C, and D. Design an experiment, based on the principles of diffusion and osmosis, that the assistant could use to determine which of the flasks contains each of the four unknown solutions Include in your answer: a. a description of how you would set up and perform the experiment b. the results you would expect from your experiment; and c. an explanation of those results based on the principles involved. Be sure to clearly state the principles addressed in your discussion.

  7. Diffusion & Osmosis Essay 2005 B

  8. Try these questions

  9. Enzyme Catalysis • Description of Honors Biology Lab • Measured factors affecting enzyme activity • H2O2 H2O + O2 • Measured rate of O2 production • Description of AP Biology Lab • Measured factors affecting enzyme activity • CatecholQuinone • Measured rate of light absorbance • Included Hydroquinone and resorsinol (isomers) Catalase Clear Polyphenoloxidase Brown

  10. Enzyme Catalysis • Concepts • Substrate • Enzyme • Denaturation of protein • Competitive inhibition • Allosteric activation (cooperativity) • Experimental design • Reaction rate w/enzyme vs. reaction rate wo/enzyme • Optimum pH or temperature

  11. Enzyme Catalysis • Conclusions • Enzyme reaction rate is affected by: • pH • Temperature • Substrate concentration • Enzyme concentration • Allosteric reactivity/cooperativity • Competitive inhibition

  12. Enzyme Catalysis Essay question 2000 The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The following results were obtained. A. How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In your answer, include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the function of this enzyme, as well as a discussion of how structure and function of enzymes are affected by temperature and pH. B. Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here. Enzyme Activity Enzyme Activity Temperature pH

  13. Try these questions A. Allosteric Inhibition B. Feedback inhibition C. Competitive inhibition D. Noncompetitive inhibition E. Cooperativity • Describes inhibition by an enzyme that is capable of either activation or inhibiting a metabolic pathway. • A reversible inhibitor that looks similar to the normal substrate and competes for the active site of the enzyme • The process by which the binding of the substrate to the enzyme triggers a favorable conformation change which causes similar change in all of the proteins subunits. • The process by which a metabolic pathway is shut off by the product it produces • Binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape and be unable to bind substrate.

  14. Try these questions 7. The above graph most accurately depicts the energy changes that take place in which of the following types of reaction? A. hypothermic B. hyperthermic C. endergonic D. exergonic E. free range

  15. Mitosis & Meiosis • Description • Cell stages of mitosis • Exam slide of onion root tip • Count number of cells in each stage to determine relative time spent in each stage • Crossing over in meiosis • Farther gene is from centromere the greater number of crossovers • Observed crossing over in fungus, Sordaria • Arrangement of ascospores

  16. Mitosis & Meiosis

  17. Mitosis & Meiosis

  18. Sordaria(Ascomycete fungus) One genetic variability is the color of the ascospores. Wild (dark brown) Tan How the ascospores are arranged in the ascus represents if crossing over has occurred. No crossing over: 4:4 Crossing over: 2:4:2 or 2:2:2:2 Meiosis – where crossing over may occur Spores Karyogamy n Two Hyphae fuse (plasmogamy) Growing on the plates

  19. You will look at slides of the plates and calculate the percentage of crossover. This can be used to determine map units.

  20. Mitosis & Meiosis • Conclusions • Mitosis • Cell division • Growth, repair • Making clones • Meiosis • Reduction division • Making gametes • Increasing variation • Crossing over in Prophase 1

  21. Mitosis & Meiosis Essay 1982 Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle. Do not include meiosis. Essay 204 Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information. a. explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis b. several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis.

  22. Photosynthesis • Description • Determine rate of photosynthesis under different conditions • Light vs. dark • Boiled vs. unboiled chloroplasts • Chloroplasts vs. no chloroplasts • Use DPIP in place of NADP+ • DPIPox = blue (NADP+) • DPIPred= clear (NADPH) • Measure light transmittance • Paper chromatography to separate plant pigments

  23. Photosynthesis • Concepts • Light reaction • Experimental design • Control vs. Experimental • Chlorophyll and others • Chlorophyll a • Chlorophyll b • Xanthophylls • Carotenoids

  24. Photosynthesis • Conclusions • Pigments • Pigments move at different rates based on solubility and mass in the solvent • Photosynthesis • Light and unboiled chloroplasts produced highest rate of photosynthesis • Which is the control?

  25. Photosynthesis Essay 2004 (part 1) A controlled experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of darkness and boiling on the photosynthetic rate of incubated chloroplast suspensions. The dye reduction technique was used. Each chloroplast suspension was mixed with DPDP, an electron acceptor that changes from blue to clear when it is reduced. Each sample was placed individually in a spectrophotometer and the percent transmittance was recorded. The three samples used were prepared as follows. Sample 1 – chloroplast suspension + DPIP Sample 2 – chloroplast suspension surrounded by foil wrap to provide a dark environment + DPIP Sample 3 – chloroplast suspension that has been boiled + DPIP Data are given in the table on the next slide a. construct and label a graph showing the results for the three samples b. Identify and explain the control or controls for this experiment c. the differences in the curves of the graphed data indicate that there were differences in the number of electrons produced in the three samples during the experiment. Discuss how electrons are generated in photosynthesis and why the three samples gave different transmittance results.

  26. Photosynthesis

  27. Cellular Respiration

  28. Cellular Respiration • Description • Using a CO2 probe to measure the rate of respiration in crickets at different temperatures • Concepts • Respiration • Endothermic vs. Exothermic • Experimental design • Conclusions • As temp. decreases, respiration decreases • As germination (of peas) increases, respiration increases

  29. Cellular Respiration • Germination pea experiment • Set up • Purpose of KOH

  30. Cellular Respiration Essay 1990 The results below are measuremnts of culumlative oxygen consumption by germination and dry seeds. Gas volume measurements were corrected for changes in temperature and pressure • Plot the results for the germinating seeds at 22⁰C and 10⁰C. • Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for the germinating seeds at 22⁰C, using the time interval between 10 and 20 minutes. • Account for the differences in oxygen consumption observed between: • Germinating seeds at 22⁰C and at 10⁰C • Geminating seeds and dry seeds. • Describe the essential features of an experimental apparatus that could be used to measure oxygen consumption by a small organism. Explain why each of these features is necessary.

  31. Molecular Biology

  32. Molecular Biology • Description • Transformation • Insert foreign gene in bacteria by using engineered plasmid • Also insert ampicillin resistant gene on same plasmid as selectable marker • Gel Electrophoresis • Cut DNA with restriction enzyme • Fragments separate on gel based on size

  33. Molecular Biology • Concepts • Transformation • Plasmid • Selectable marker • Ampicillin resistance • Restriction Enzyme • Gel Electrophoresis • DNA is negatively charged • Smaller fragments travel faster • Correlate distance traveled with size of fragment

  34. Molecular Biology • Conclusions • Can insert foreign DNA using a vector • Ampicillin becomes selecting agent • No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate

  35. Molecular Biology

  36. Molecular Biology

  37. Try these questions

  38. Try these questions

  39. Try these questions

  40. Try these questions

  41. Try these questions

  42. Try these questions

  43. Try these questions

  44. Genetics Fly Lab • Description • Given a fly of unknown genotype use crosses to determine the mode of inheritance of a trait.

  45. Genetics Fly Lab • Concepts • Phenotype vs. genotype • Dominant vs. recessive • P, F1, F2 generations • Sex-linked • Monohybrid cross • Dihybrid cross • Test cross • Chi-square

  46. Genetics Fly Lab • Conclusions: Can you solve these? Case 1 Case 2

  47. Genetics Fly Lab

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