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THE LATE PALEOZOIC

THE LATE PALEOZOIC. THE CARBONIFEROUS 360-286 MY W.D. Conybeare & W. Phillips 1822 MISSISSIPPIAN>> Mississippi River Valley PENNSYLVANIAN>> Pennsylvania T.C. Chamberlain & R.D. Salisbury 1906 THE PERMIAN 286-248 MY PERM>> Central Russia Roderick Murchison 1841. INTRODUCTION.

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THE LATE PALEOZOIC

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  1. THE LATE PALEOZOIC THE CARBONIFEROUS 360-286 MY W.D. Conybeare & W. Phillips 1822 MISSISSIPPIAN>> Mississippi River Valley PENNSYLVANIAN>> Pennsylvania T.C. Chamberlain & R.D. Salisbury 1906 THE PERMIAN 286-248 MY PERM>> Central Russia Roderick Murchison 1841

  2. INTRODUCTION • Mississippian- 40 MY: • Pennsylvanian- 34 MY • Permian- 38 MY Duration • Suturing of Pangea • Alleghenian and Hercynian Orogenies • Western terrane accretions in North America • Formation of the Ural Mountains

  3. INTRODUCTION • Tropical Climates around the Tethys Ocean • High stands of sea level (Mississippian epicontinental seas) • Tropical swamps during the Pennsylvanian (coal measures) • Land plant diversity, insects evolved, reptiles evolved • Permian redbeds (tropical desert climate) • Glaciations in Gondwana

  4. Paleogeography

  5. Paleogeography

  6. PALEOGEOGRAPHY • Opening of the Tethys Ocean • Kazakhstan closed on Baltica • Continuation of Antler Orogeny • Other terranes collided with Canada • Beginning of Hercynian Orogeny in southern Europe • Final collision of Gondwana to Laurentia in Pennsylvanian • Alleghenian (E US) and Ouachita Orogenies (S US & S. AM) • S. Am collided with TX forming ancestral Rockies • Well defined Tethys Ocean in the Permian

  7. PALEOGEOGRAPHY • Pangea formed a large U-shaped super-continent stretching from pole to pole • Tethys Ocean formed an equatorial reentrant basin on the east • The Panthallassic Ocean covered the rest of the globe

  8. PALEOGEOGRAPHY

  9. Paleogeography • Pangea almost complete by the Permian except for a few microcontinents that assembled in the Triassic and Jurassic • Late Paleozoic most widespread period of collisional mountain building • The major orogeny of the Permian was the Uralian Orogeny>> Ural Mountains • The final formation of the Appalachians

  10. TECTONIC EVENTS • The Hercynian Orogeny • Southern Europe-Baltica • 6000km long, lasted 30my, intense metamorphism, volcanism and plutonism • The North American Cordillera • Continuation of Antler Orogeny • Ellesmere Orogeny (Canada and Alaska) • The Alleghenian and Ouachita Orogenies • Final phase of Appalachians- Thrust sheets • Ancestral Rockies uplifted • The Uralian Orogeny

  11. Location of the Principal Highland Areas of the SW US During the Pennsylvanian

  12. OrogenicDevelopmentOf the EasternUS

  13. The Appalachians • Valley and Ridge • folded & faulted sedimentary rks • Blue Ridge Province • metamorphosed Precambrian and Paleozoic Rks • Inner Piedmont • high grade metamorphic rks intruded by granites • Charlotte & Carolina Slate Belt • metamorphosed & folded late Proterozoic & Cambrian sediments and volcanics

  14. Physiographic Provinces of the Appalachian Region

  15. Late Paleozoic Continental Collisions

  16. Highland Areas Associated with the Antler Orogeny of California- Nevada Collision of Antler arc with North American craton during the Mississippian creating the Roberts Mountains

  17. An interpretation of conditions in the Cordilleran orogenic belt in Early Mississippian time, shortly after the Antler orogeny.

  18. NEOPROTEROZOIC TO CENOZOIC TRANSGRESSIONS AND REGRESSIONS OBSERVED ON THE CRATON Variable sea level represented sequences of sediments bounded by unconformities on all of the cratons - Major unconformity due to regression Craton remained intact while collisions occurred on all sides Sea levels remained high during the Permo-Carboniferous and especially during the Mississippian Sea level occilations on the order of 200m and 1600km occurred 2 to 3 times every million year

  19. CYCLOTHEMS • Cratonic sediments dominated by cycles • Rock types repeat in a cyclic manner • Rock units of a meter or so can be traced for 100s of kilometers • Coal Measures- 10 to 20 m sections of 10 rock units showing a regression/transgression separated by a coal seam (typical, mid continent)

  20. CYCLOTHEMS • 150-200m changes in sea level • Represented in Illinois by 60 cyclothems • Representing 20 to 25 my • Representing a 300,000 year cycle • Changes in global sea level caused by waxing and waning of Gondwana glaciations

  21. Coal Bearing Cyclothem:Idealized Sequence of 10 Layers Illinois Cyclothem

  22. The Permian Midland and Delaware Basins of West Texas 750km of reefs {sponges, algae, brachiopods and bryozoans} Deep marine basins 400-1000m below sea level Arid conditions represented by red beds and evaporites

  23. Permian of West Texas Lagoonal sediments and evaporites Reef front- Phylloid Algae, sponge frame work Black carbonate mud deep water sedimentation with some reef ruble

  24. Economic Deposits • Coal- Rapid accumulations of partially decayed vascular plant tissue in anoxic conditions:peat>lignite>bituminous • Pennsylvanian: Appalachian and Illinois Basin • Oil & Gas • Permian: West Texas & North Sea

  25. Coal Seams in fluvial cross-bedded Mississippian Sandstones

  26. Formation of Oil and Gas • Most Oil formed in marine environments • Organic rich sediments are deposited fast and buried before decomposition • These sediments are mainly younger than 500 Million Years • Organic material converted to oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons, e.g. CH4) upon burial, by geothermal heat (150- 200F) • Oil and gas migrate from source rock to permeable rock • If trapped oil and gas can be recovered

  27. Formation of Oil and Gas • Decay of algae and bacteria • Burial • Cooking (temperature + pressure) • Formation of Hydrocarbon • Favorable Preservation Conditions • High organic production (over 10%) • Anaerobic depositional systems • Moderate to low rate of sedimentation

  28. Hydrocarbon Needs • Source Rock • Reservoir Rock • Trapping Mechanism • Timing

  29. Economic Deposits • Sodium & Potassium salts • Phosphates (Fertilizers) • Phosphoria Fm. • Metal ores (tin, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum) • Appalachian Orogeny

  30. Late-Paleozoic Climates • Coal formation in low and high latitudes • W. Europe and E. North America tropical climates • cool moist climates in Siberia, China and Australia

  31. Late-Paleozoic Climates • Strong zonation in climates • Glacial climates in Gondwana • Tillites and dropstones Africa, S. America and India • Hot arid climates in low latitudes • Redbeds and evaporites in central and western North America

  32. Paleoclimatic Indicators Red- Coal Blue-Tillites Green- Evaporites

  33. LATE PALEOZOIC LIFE • Land Plants • Radiation of the Insects • Radiation of the Amphibians • The Origin of Reptiles • Mammal-like Reptiles • Pelycosaurs and Therapsids

  34. Marine Environment • Radiation of brachiopods, ammonoids, bryozoans, crinoids, forams and calcareous algae after Devonian extinction • Mississippian “Age of Crinoids” • Phylloid Algal mounds of the Pennsylvanian • Sponge-Bryozoan reefs • Fusulinid foraminifera of the Pennsylvanian and Permian

  35. Life of the Mississippian Crinoids

  36. Radiation of the Insects • Co-evolution of plants, insects and amphibians • Number of families appear in the Early Pennsylvanian • Wingless insects (hexapods) • Winged insects • Fixed and folding wings

  37. Evolution of Amphibians 10’s of million of years of evolutionary history between crossopterygian fishes and true amphibians

  38. Reptilian evolution from amphibian ancestor took 22 my First reptile in Late Mississippian 4 major groups of reptiles Anapsida Synapsida Diapsida Euryapsida

  39. Reptilian Amniote Egg

  40. Anapsids no opening (Turtles) Synapsids and Euryapsids one opening; low/ high (therapsids- ancestors to mammals/ ich- thyosaurs Diapsids two openings (lizards, snakes, dinosaurs)

  41. Pelycosaur Dimetrodon

  42. Mammal-Like Reptiles- Cynognathus (carnivorous) Kannemeyeria (plant eating therapsid reptile) Mammals acquired most characteristics (50%) in the last 8 my of Permian

  43. The Bear Gulch and Mazon Creek Faunas • Soft part preservation • Bear Gulch: Mississippian finely laminated limestone deposits of Montana preserving fish fossils • Mazon Creek: Pennsylvanian deltaic storm deposit of Illinois containing concretions with fossil plants and soft bodied marine fossils

  44. Mass Extinctions

  45. Permian Mass Extinction • 90% of marine species became extinct • 54% of the families • Final 10 my of Permian

  46. Permian Mass Extinction • Fauna & Flora that became extinct • All Paleozoic Corals, all Fusilinids, all Trilobites, Eurypterids and Blastoids and most sea urchins, brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans; Glossopteris flora and many insects • Causes • Glaciations (drop in sea level), reduction in area of shallow seas • changes in climate due to Siberian flood basalts (CO3), drop in oxygen from 33% to 14%

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