Ultrasonic imaging parameters ~Attenuation coefficient

1. Ultrasonic imaging parameters~Attenuation coefficient Advisor: Pai-Chi Li Student: Mei-Ru Yang Wei-Ning Lee

2. Device Circuit Method Apparatus System Process Total Attenuation coefficient 1 0 31 17 0 1 Ultrasound attenuation in bones (two transducers) ************** Ultrasound attenuation in bones (one transducers) *** Ultrasound attenuation in other tissues(breast dermis…) **** Attenuation predicted by Biot’s theory (bone) **** 50

3. 引證族譜圖 Year 1984 Paper 8 Paper 9 1990 1992 Paper 3 1993 Paper 7 5259384 1998 Paper 6 5785656 1999 Paper 1 Paper 4 5879301 2000 Paper 5 6086538 2001 Paper 2 6328695 Enterprise Vammen Berger Jorgensen Laugier Wear WSU MSSM Yale U. Irvine

4. Methods and Apparatus • One transducer (pulse-echo mode) • Spectral - Shift • Log Spectral – Difference • Backscattering • Two transducers(one transmitter and one receiver)

5. One Transducer • Simplify the handling and avoid potential errors to misalignment or mismatching • Differentiate the attenuation coefficients of adjacent tissues • Problem : renewed reflection • The delay should preferably by adapted to space any mirror images of pronounced spikes away from the region to be analysis

6. T S C T C Cont’d Log amplitude(dB) B 1 MHz C 5 MHz distance

7. delay line T Soft tissue Hard tissue T Interpose a delay line (50mm)

8. Two Transducers • Through-transmission method • A pair of transducers coaxially in a water tank • Submerge a sample between the transducers • Signals were recorded both with and without the specimen in the acoustic path • Can’t separate the contribution caused by effects in the soft tissue from the contributions caused by effects in the bone tissue

9. Water tank T R Apparatus t1, t2: pulse-echo mode specimen

10. Spectral Shift Technique : transmitting pulse power spectrum : receiving pulse power spectrum T: time constant

11. Log Spectral Difference Technique

12. Cont’d • Attenuation obeys • Use amplitude and phase information of the pulse • Ultrasound reflection at the water-specimen interface produce error Aw(f)：amplitude spectrum with water path only As(f)：amplitude spectrum with the specimen inserted L : specimen thickness

13. Cont’d Minimize Given “n”, calculate attenuation coefficient β

14. Diffraction Correction • Diffraction effect on attenuation estimate due to the two media with different ultrasound velocities • Experimental Diffraction Correction technique • Using the spectrum of the reference media, i.e. water Ad(f, z)：diffraction magnitude transfer function

15. Cont’d • Fresnel parameter : S=Sa=zλa/a2 ensures that the water-specimen-water and water- only paths undergo equivalent diffraction effects Then, ：wavelength in water ：wavelength in specimen

16. Difficulties • Theoretical value • Biot’s theory (for bone) • Ultrasound properties of mammalian tissues • Numerous parameters are required for the computation (bulk modulus, shear modulus, transmission coefficient, etc.) • Three phantoms • Actual attenuation coefficients are unknown

17. Strategies for Attenuation Estimate • Qualitative analysis • Use various specimens with largely different hardness • Observe the attenuation trend • Relationship between attenuation and frequency • Quantitative analysis • Dispersion & reflection • Diffraction correction

18. Experiment • Transducers: 3.5 MHz 5 MHz 7.5 MHz • Pulse receiver • Oscilloscope • A/D: GaGe fs=100 MHz • LabView • Phantom

19. Preliminary Results • Transmitting mode • Signal type: Gaussian • 4 cycles, continuous • PRI: 300μs • Output voltage: ± 5 V • Receiving mode • Capture length: 5 μs • No. of PRI: 1 • Sampling rate: 50 MHz

20. Cont’d

21. References • Paper1 : “Attenuation coefficient and speed of sound in immature and mature rat cartilage: a study in the 30-70 MHz frequency range,” IEEE Ultra. Sym., 1999. • Paper 2: “Prediction of ultrasound attenuation in cancellous bones using poroelasticity and scattering theories,” IEEE Ultra. Sym., 2001. • Paper 3: “Ultrasonic wave propagation in cancellous and cortical bone: prediction of some experimental results by Biot’s theory,”J. Acous. Soc. Am. ,Vol. 91, pp. 1106-1111, 1992. • Paper 4: “Frequency dependence of ultrasonic backscatter from human trabecular bone: Theory and experiment,” J. Acous. Soc. Am. Vol.106, pp. 3659-3664, 1999 • Paper 5: “Anisotropy of attenuation and backscatter in cancellous bone” IEEE Ultra. Sym., pp. 1325-1328, 1999.

22. Cont’d • Paper6: Ping He, “Acoustic parameter estimation based on attenuation and dispersion measurements,” Proc. IEEE/EMBS, Oct. 29, Nov. 1, 1998 • Paper7: Wei Xu, Jonathan J. Kaufman, “Diffraction correction methods for insertion ultrasound attenuation estimation,” IEEE Trans. On Biomedical Engineering, vol. 40, No. 6, June 1993 • Paper8: Roman Kuc, “Estimating acoustic attenuation from reflected ultrasound signals: comparison of spectral-shift and spectral-difference approaches,” IEEE Trans. On Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-32, No. 1, Feb. 1984 • Paper9: Leeman, Ferrari, Jones, and Fink, “Perspectives on attenuation estimation from pulse-echo signals,” IEEE Trans. On Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol. SU-31, No. 4, July 1984 • Paper10: Parker, Lerner, and Waag, “Comparison of techniques for in vivo attenuation measurements,” IEEE Trans. On Biomedical Engineering,, vol. 36, No. 12, Dec 1988