Hydrogen fine structure

1. THE HYDROGEN FINE STRUCTURE Presented by: Jayam chemistry learners https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Hydrogen alpha Definition Differences Overview Conclusion Lyman alpha Contact Us

3. INTRODUCTION The standard model of physics explains the basic building blocks of the universe. According to this model, there are four forces that govern the universe. They are electromagnetism, strong force, weak force, and gravitational force. Among them, electromagnetism involves the interaction of the electric and magnetic fields and the light radiations carry it. Our topic of discussion, the hydrogen fine structure, results from the influence of the intrinsic electromagnetic force of the atom with the photons. It involves the interaction of quantum mechanical spin with the electron's orbital motion.

4. DEFINITION Hydrogen is the lightest element with a single electron in the periodic table. The hydrogen atom absorbing external energy shows the excitation of its electron. In a hydrogen atom, the transition of electrons between the two discrete stationary energy levels results in the emission of photons of definite wavelengths. It shows spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum. Unlike ordinary spectrometers, a high-resolution spectrometer epitomizes the main spectral line splitting into its constituents with a slight variation in their wavelengths. The splitting of spectral emission lines of the hydrogen are known as the hydrogen fine structures.

5. DEFINITION The cleavage of the main spectral line of the hydrogen atom is due to the influence of spin-orbit coupling. The interaction of spin electron magnetic moment with the magnetic field of electron’s relative motion gives the hydrogen fine structures. It means that, in the magnetic field, the electron energy splits to give its sub-states. The electron transitions from these substituent energy levels give additional spectral lines. These are known as fine structures of the main spectral line. The hydrogen spectrum exhibiting the fine structured lines is known as the hydrogen fine spectrum.

6. OVERVIEW The hydrogen spectrum consists of six spectral series. The names of those six spectral series of hydrogen are; Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series Brackett series Pfund series Humphreys series The hydrogen atom has a single electron in the 1S-orbit.

7. OVERVIEW The hydrogen atom has a single electron in the 1S-orbit. When the hydrogen atom absorbs energy from the electric current in the discharge tube, it causes the excitation of hydrogen electron from the ground state to the higher energy orbit. After being unstable, the excited electron returns to its initial lower energy state with the emission of photons of suitable wavelengths. When the emitted photons fall on the detector film, it produces the hydrogen spectrum. In the magnetic field, the spectral lines of hydrogen undergo splitting and create fine structures. Among them, the fine structures of Lyman alpha and hydrogen alpha are most commonly studied based on their significance in astronomy.

8. LYMAN ALPHA Lyman alpha spectral line results in the hydrogen spectrum during the electron transition from the second energy level to the first orbit of the hydrogen atom. It is the most intense spectral emission in the ultraviolet region of the Lyman series that occurs at a wavelength of 121.5 nm The transition of an electron from 1S-orbit to 2P- orbit gives a spectral line doublet in the presence of the magnetic field. The Lyman alpha doublet consists of closely spaced two spectral emission lines at wavelengths of about 121.5668 nm and 121.5674 nm. And they are symbolized as Ly-α3/2 and Ly-α1/2 having j values 3/2 and 1/2, where j is the total angular momentum of the electron.

9. HYDROGEN ALPHA Hydrogen-alpha is the shortest spectral emission in terms of energy in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum. It is a bright red colored spectral emission at a wavelength of about 656.28 nm in the hydrogen spectrum. The magnetic field generated due to the coupling interaction of the spin and the orbital angular momentum of the hydrogen electron during its shift from the 3S-orbit to the 2P-orbit causes the hydrogen-alpha spectral line splitting. The 2P- orbit splits by the magnetic field into the sub- energy states doublet with slightly varying energies. Hence, the electron transition to these modified sub-energy states gives two closely spaced spectral emission lines with a slight difference in their wavelengths.;

10. The differences between the Lyman alpha and the hydrogen alpha fine structures Lyman alpha Hydrogen alpha The Lyman alpha splitting takes place during the electron transition between the second and first stationary orbits of the hydrogen atom. The hydrogen alpha spectral splitting occurs by the electron transition between the third and second stationary orbits. The Lyman alpha spectral emission splitting happens by 1S-orbit and 2P-orbit interaction in the magnetic field. The hydrogen alpha splitting involves the 3S and 2P orbits spin and angular momentum quantum numbers interaction. The hydrogen alpha spectral line comes in the visible zone of the hydrogen spectrum with a wavelength of about 656.2 nm. The Lyman alpha spectral line occurs in the ultraviolet region of the hydrogen spectrum with a wavelength of 121.5 nm.

11. CONCLUSION Apart from the differences, the Lyman alpha and the hydrogen alpha have the most common applications in astronomy. They used to identify quasars, unknown astronomical bodies in the universe. They are also helpful in calculating redshifts. Hence, the study of hydrogen fine structures is a helpful topic in spectral studies.

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