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Introduction to Arguments

Introduction to Arguments. Three Styles of Argument. Classical (Six-Part Oration) Typically a polarized argument Rogerian A qualified argument—counterargument is key Toulmin Claim, Warrant, Reason and Evidence. Classical Oration– Six-Part Oration Review.

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Introduction to Arguments

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  1. Introduction to Arguments

  2. Three Styles of Argument • Classical (Six-Part Oration) • Typically a polarized argument • Rogerian • A qualified argument—counterargument is key • Toulmin • Claim, Warrant, Reason and Evidence

  3. Classical Oration– Six-Part Oration Review • Exordium: Win the attention/goodwill of audience while introducing a subject or problem. • Narration: Presents facts of the case, explaining context • Partition: Divides up the subject, explaining what the claim is, what the key issues are, and in what order the subject will be treated • Confirmation: Offers support for the claim • Refutation: Acknowledges and refuses opposing claims/evidence • Conclusion: Summarizes the claim and moves the audience to action

  4. Modified Six-Part Oration • Introduction • Gains attention • Establishes credibility. • Establishes common ground with audience. • States claim • Background • Presents necessary information • Lines of Argument • Presents good reasons—logical and emotional appeals—to support claim

  5. Modified Six-Part Oration • Alternative Arguments • Examines view of opposing arguments • Notes advantages and disadvantages of these • Explains why your view is stronger • Conclusion • Summarizes argument • Elaborates on implications of your claim • Makes clear what you want the audience to think or do • Reinforces your credibility and could offer an emotional appeal

  6. Rogerian Arguments • Based on the idea that people should not respond to one another until they can fully, fairly, and even sympathetically state the other person’s position • Qualified Arguments • Rhetors concede that alternatives to their claim exist • Some alternatives might even be reasonable in certain circumstances • Meant to promote compromise

  7. Rogerian Arguments – Structure • Introduction • Describe the issue, problem, or conflict • Shows that the rhetor understands and respects any alternative positions • Contexts • Discuss contexts, situations in which the alternative views might be valid • Writer’s Position • States the rhetor’s position and the circumstances in which it is valid • Benefits to opponent • Explains to opponents how they would benefit from adopting the rhetor’s position

  8. Toulmin Argument • Acknowledge the complications of life in arguments • Situations in which the rhetor says sometimes, often, presumably, unless, and almost • Requires the readers to test their ideas and analyze arguments

  9. Start with an enthymeme • Claim + Reason(s) • But there’s so much more! • Here we go! Toulminian Arguments

  10. Claim + Reason Grounds = evidence Grounds

  11. Claim + Reason Warrant = underlying assumption Warrant Grounds

  12. All enthymemes have underlying assumptions • “We should slash the deficit because it’s too big.” • WARRANT: Having a large deficit is bad for the nation. • “Everyone should recycle because it will save the planet.” • WARRANT: The planet is worth saving. Warrants

  13. There can be MULTIPLE warrants in an enthymeme • “Even hate groups should be allowed to hold rallies in public places.” • WARRANT: Freedom of speech applies to everyone. • WARRANT: Freedom of speech is vital to the continued existence of our nation. CAUTION!

  14. MORE CAUTION! • If warrants aren’t controversial, there is likely no need to state or explain them. • Example: The mushroom is poisonous, so don’t eat it! • WARRANT: Eating poisonous things is dangerous. • Controversial warrants need to be justified a bit more, and can lead to faulty arguments. • Example: Grades in high school should be abolished because I don’t like them. • WARRANT: What I don’t like should be abolished.

  15. Claim + Reason A TOULMINIAN ARGUMENT Warrant Grounds Backing

  16. BACKING= justification for the warrant • WARRANT: Freedom of speech is good. • Backing: • Allows minority voices to be heard • Ensures no one is being oppressed • Fosters informed citizenry

  17. Qualifiers • Probably, in my opinion, usually, often, etc. • “That movie will probably be good because the director has made lots of other good movies.” • “While schools should be able to teach sex edbecause it’s vital for teen safety, instructors should also take into account the culture and religious beliefs of their students.” • Concessions/Rebuttals • Exceptions to the claim • “That movie will probably be good because the director has made lots of other good movies. Except his last one. That stunk.” Two Things Missing Here

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