Chapter 11: Islamic Civilization

1. Chapter 11: Islamic Civilization A few hundred years after the beginning of Christianity, another important religion arose in the Middle East: Islam. Followers of Islam conquered much of the Middle East, northern Africa, and part of Europe. They also made great contributions to the world.

2. What do you know about Islamic civilization and religion? • Make a list of any words, phrases, or people that come to mind. • If you don’t know much about Islamic civilization and religion, brainstorm a list of questions you’d like us to answer during this chapter.

3. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Today we will define the vocabulary used to describe the rise of Islam. • In your notes, create word boxes for the following terms, places, and people: • Oasis • Sheikh • Caravan • Quran • Muhammad • Bedouin • Makkah/Mecca • Kaaba • Madinah

4. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Today we will describe how Arabia’s geography shaped people’s lives. • The deserts, coastline, and oases of Arabia helped shape Arab ways of life. • The Arabian peninsula is mostly desert, with intense heat and blinding _____. • Water is only found at oases, or green areas fed by underground water. • To survive, people formed clans. • Families stuck together and joined with other loyal tribes. Their leader was called a sheikh.

5. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Today we will describe how Arabia’s geography shaped people’s lives. • The mountain areas had enough rain to grow some plants, but most Arabs were _______. • Bedouins, or desert herders, traveled from oasis to oasis to water and graze their sheep, goats, and camels. • They lived in tents and ate dried fruits and nuts. • They drank _______. • They rarely ate meat because their animals were ______.

6. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe how Arabia’s geography shaped people’s lives. • List or illustrate three ways Arabia’s harsh, desert geography influenced Arab life. • Be prepared to share.

7. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Today we will describe how Arabs lived. • Many Arabs lived in villages where they farmed or raised animals. These villages were near _____. • Why is this where villages formed? • Some villagers were merchants who transported goods across the desert. • To fend off attacks by Bedouin tribes, many traveled in a caravan, or a group of ________.

8. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe how Arabs lived. • By 500 A.D., Arabian merchants handled most trade between India and the Mediterranean Sea. • As their trade grew, Arab merchants founded towns along the trade routes in Arabia. • Makkah (or Mecca) became the ______. • It was a crossroads for merchants, and an important _____site.

9. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe how Arabs lived. • The holiest place in Arabia was in Mecca. • In the middle of Mecca was the Kaaba, a low square building surrounded by statues of gods and goddesses. • Arabs believed the great stone inside was from _____. • Pilgrims came to the city in huge numbers to worship Allah. • Arabs worshipped many gods, but Allah was the most important. He was the _____.

11. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe how Arabs lived. • Find Mecca on the map. What landmarks are nearby? What other places do you recognize on the map?

12. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe how Arabs lived. • Using words or pictures, take 2 minutes to make a sketch or description of life for ancient Arabs.

13. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • In 570 A.D., Muhammad was born in Mecca. • He was an orphan, raised by his grandfather and then his uncle. • As a teenager, he worked as a caravan leader and became a _______. • He married and had children. • Despite his success, he was dissatisfied. • Why do you think Muhammad was unhappy?

14. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • Muhammad thought wealthy town leaders should return to _____. • He said people should honor their families, be fair in business, and ______. • Muhammad went into the hills to meditate. In 610 A.D., he said he was visited by an angel who told him to preach Islam. • Islam means “_______________.” • Allah is the Arabic word for God. • What do you think it means to “surrender” in this sense of the word?

15. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • Muhammad returned to Mecca and told everyone to destroy statues of false gods and ______ • Muhammad preached that all people were equal and the rich should ________. • This image of a just society appealed to the people in Mecca! • Muhammad said living a good life is more important than ________. • On the Day of Judgment, God would reward the good and punish the evildoers. • Why do you think this message was so appealing?

16. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • Many people converted to Islam, becoming Muslims. • Muslims are followers of Islam. • The poor were attracted to his message that _____. • Wealthy merchants and religious leaders did not like Muhammad’s message. • They made his life difficult and beat and tortured his followers. • Why do you think the merchants and religious leaders disliked Muhammad’s message so much? • What else does this remind you of?

17. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • In 622 AD, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca and moved north to Yathrib. • Their journey north was known as the Hijrah, a word that means “breaking off relationships.” • Later Muslims made this year the first year in a new Muslim calendar. • Yathrib welcomed the Muslims and the city was renamed Madinah, or “_____.” • The people of Madinah accepted Muhammad as God’s prophet and their ___.

18. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • Muhammad was a good ruler. • He applied laws he believed God had given him. • He used laws to _________. • He created an Islamic state — a government that uses its political power to uphold Islam. • He required all Muslims to put loyalty to the Islamic state above their loyalty to their tribe. • To defend his new government, Muhammad _____. • His soldiers conquered Mecca in 630, and Muhammad made it a holy city of Islam. • Two years later, Muhammad ____. • By this time, Islam was spreading all over Arabia.

19. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe Muhammad’s message and how it spread through Arabia. • Imagine that Muhammad has just died. Write an obituary describing his life and accomplishments. • Consider his youth, his struggles, and the legacy he left behind. • You can write as a Muslim, a follower or Islam, or as a non-Muslim Arab who knew of him. • Be prepared to share!

20. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Muslims wrote down the messages Muhammad said he received from Allah. • They were called the Quran (or Koran), the ____. • For Muslims, the Quran is God’s written word! They take following its laws very seriously. • The Quran instructs Muslims how they should live. • It teaches Muslims to be honest, treat others fairly, honor their parents, be kind to neighbors, and give generously ________. • It forbids murder, lying, and stealing.

21. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Many rules in the Quran apply to ____. • Muslims should not eat pork, drink liquor, or gamble. • There are rules guiding marriage, divorce, family life, property rights, and business practices. • Scholars of Islam created a law code that explains __________. • The code is taken from the Quran and from the Sunna, or the customs based on Muhammad’s words and deeds. • The law code covers all areas of life.

22. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Muslims are expected to fulfill the 5 Pillars of Islam, or acts of worship. • The Five Pillars of Islam are: • BELIEF: Muslims must declare there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet. • PRAYER: Muslims must pray 5 times a day, _______. • CHARITY: Muslims must give to the poor • FASTING: Muslims must not eat from dusk til dawn during the sacred month of Ramadan. • PILGRIMAGE: Muslims must visit Mecca _______.

23. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have some beliefs in common. • They believe in 1 god, who holds all the power and ________. • God determines right and wrong, and people have to follow His will to be blessed in the afterlife. • They believe God spoke through prophets. • For Muslims, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad were prophets. • Muhammad was a prophet and a good man, but not divine. • For Christians, Jesus was more than a prophet. He was the ___.

24. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Today we will describe the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Without using any words, illustrate the 5 Pillars of Islam. Label your drawings. • Be prepared to share!

25. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will describe the spread of Islam. • Muhammad died in 632 A.D. and Muslims disagreed about who should be the next caliph, or successor to _______. • The first 4 caliphs all had a personal connection to Muhammad. • The first was his father-in-law, the second was a friend, the third was his son-in-law, and the fourth was his ________. • The caliphs wanted to spread Allah’s message. • They ruled from Madinah. • Why do you think they chose to rule from Madinah?

26. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will describe the spread of Islam. • By 661, when the fourth caliph died, the Arab Empire had expanded to include Persia, the rest of southwest Asia, and Egypt. • ________continued under the Umayyad caliphs. • They made the capital city Damascus, in Syria. • Muslims entered India, Afghanistan, the North African coast, and Spain. • Just 100 years after Muhammad’s death, the Islamic state he created became ________. • Why do you think the Arab Empire was able to expand so quickly?

27. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will describe the spread of Islam. • Arabs had always been good on horseback and good with a _____. • As Muslims, they were inspired by their religion and fighting to spread Islam. • Muslim believed anyone who died in battle for Islam _________. • Arabs were also successful because when they conquered people, they let them keep their religion. • They called Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians “People of the Book,” meaning they also believed in one God and had _____ • They taxed non-Muslims.

28. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will describe the spread of Islam. • Sufis spent their time praying and _____. • Muslim merchants helped spread Islam by setting up trading posts throughout southeast Asia and _____________. • Indonesia today has more Muslims than any other nation in the world. • Some Muslim merchants crossed the Sahara to trade with kingdoms in West Africa. • Timbuktu became a leading center of Muslim learning.

29. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will describe the spread of Islam. • Write down 3 ways Islam spread after Muhammad’s death. • Be prepared to share!

30. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • From the moment Muhammad died, Muslims began arguing about ______________. • Recall: What was a caliph? • The fighting split the Muslim world into two groups, the Shiites and the Sunnis. • This split still exists today! • Most Muslims are Sunnis. • Iran and Iraq have the largest populations of Shiites.

31. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • Shiites: • Believed that Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, ______ • Believed all future caliphs should be Ali’s descendents • Believed the Umayyad caliphs had no right to rule • Sunnis • Outnumbered Shiites • Accepted Umayyad dynasty as rightful caliphs, even though they didn’t always _____ • Over time, Sunnis and Shiites developed different religious practices and customs. • How do you think Sunnis and Shiites felt about each other? Why?

32. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • In 750, the Umayyad’s lost power because they ______. • Persian Muslims were angry because they felt Arab Muslims got special treatment • They paid fewer taxes. • They got ______. • When Persian Muslims rebelled, people all over the empire joined them and overthrew the Umayyads. • The Abbasid dynasty began under a new caliph, who was a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle, Abu al-Abbas. • The Abbasids focused on trade, scholarship, and ____ • They built a new capital, Baghdad. • The Arab Empire grew even wealthier.

33. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • During the 500 years of Abbasid rule, there were many changes. • In Egypt and Spain, the Muslims wanted their own ___. • The new group from central Asia, called the Seljuk Turks, began moving into the Arab Empire. The Abbasids were losing control! • The Turks were nomads and great warriors. • When they moved into the empire, the Abbasids ______. • Soon the Turks saw how weak the Abbasids were and decided to _________.

34. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • Review your notes from yesterday • Why did Muslims fight after Muhammad died? • What 2 groups did they break into? • What is the main difference between the two groups? • Why was the Umayyad dynasty overthrown? • What group began invading the Abbasid dynasty?

35. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • The Seljuk Turks took over Iran, then Turkey, then, in 1055, Baghdad itself. • They were satisfied to rule only the army and _____. • They let the Abbasid caliph remain the religious leader. • The Seljuk ruler called himself a sultan, or “______.” • For 200 years, the empire continued this way. The Seljuks ruled, but it was still the Abbasid dynasty. • In the 1200s, the fierce Mongols swept into the empire. They were building their empire by ______. • They stormed into Baghdad in 1258 burning it to the ground. • The Arab Empire ended.

36. Section 2: Islamic Empires • Today we will draw a cartoon to explain the struggles within Islam. • Draw a cartoon illustrating the struggles within Islam. • Include captions or dialogue, as necessary. • Be prepared to share!

37. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will explain the success of Muslim traders. • Muslims were the leading trade merchants in the Middle East and northern Africa until the 1400s. • Their caravans traveled on land from Baghdad to China. • Their ships cross the Indian Ocean to India and Southeast Asia. • They carried spices, cloth, glass, and carpets, and returned with rubies, silk, ivory, gold, and slaves. • Why do you think trade was so Successful in Muslim Arabia?

38. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will explain the success of Muslim traders. • The success of Muslim traders • As the empire expanded, the Arabic language spread. • Arabic became the language of ____. • Muslim rulers made trade easier by providing merchants with _____. • Muslim merchants kept detailed records of their business deals and the money they made. • This became a new business, ______!

39. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will explain the success of Muslim traders. • Effects of trade on cities • Trade helped Muslim cities grow. • They also became centers of government, learning, and the arts. • Muslim cities looked similar, with palaces, mosques, and bazaars. • Palaces were where royalty lived. • Mosques were Muslim houses of worship, that also served as schools, courts, and community centers. • The bazaar was the marketplace, where merchants from all over the world sold their goods.

40. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will explain the success of Muslim traders. • Using words or pictures, create a collage or wordsplash explaining why Muslims were so successful in trade.

41. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will describe Muslim society. • Most Muslims lived in villages and _____. • Since water was scarce, they used irrigation to bring water to their crops. • They grew wheat, rice, beans, and melons in the field. • They raised almonds, blackberries, apricots, figs, and olives in their orchards. • Some farmers raised flowers for perfumes. • Muslim society divided people by power and wealth. • Government leaders, landowners, traders -- • Artisans, farmers, workers ------------- • ______________--------------------

42. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will describe Muslim society. • Slaves were widespread, but Muslims could not be enslaved, so slaves from non-Muslim areas were brought in. • Many of these slaves were ________. • They often served as soldiers or servants and could buy back their freedom. • Men and women had different roles in society. • Men ran government, business, and society. • Women helped run ______. • They could own property and inherit wealth. • Many places had laws requiring women to cover their faces and wear long robes in public. • Why do you think women had to cover their faces and wear long robes?

43. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will describe Muslim society. • The teachings of Muhammad state that women’s garments should not ____. • The tradition of hijab, wearing clothing that covers the head and body, was followed only by upper class women. • In the Middle Ages, it became more common. • Why do you think only upper class women wore hijab? • Nowhijab ranges from colorful scarves • to black robes. • Many women wear hijab to follow • Muslim tradition. • Others wear it to be judged by • themselves and not their bodies. • In some countries, __________

44. Section 3: Muslim Ways of Life • Today we will describe Muslim society. • List 6-8 words that describe Muslim society. • Be prepared to share and compare with a neighbor!