Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

1. Environmental Exchange Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

2. The Respiratory System

3. What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

4. Oxygen • Is obtained from the air by diffusion across delicate _______ surfaces of lungs • Is carried to cells by the cardiovascular system which also returns _____ _____ to the lungs

5. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System • Provides extensive gas exchange _____ ____ between air and circulating blood • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs

6. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System • ______ respiratory surfaces from outside environment • ______ sounds-speaking, singing • Participates in ________ sense

7. Components of the Respiratory System Figure 23–1

8. Organization of the Respiratory System • The respiratory system is divided into the _______ respiratory system, above the larynx, and the _______ respiratory system, from the larynx down

9. The Respiratory Tract • Consists of a ________ portion: • from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles • Consists of a ___________ portion: • the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - Are air-filled pockets within the lungs • where all gas exchange takes place

10. The Respiratory Epithelium • For gases to exchange efficiently: • alveoli walls must be very thin (< 1 µm) • surface area must be very great (about __ times the surface area of the body)

11. The Respiratory Mucosa • Consists of: • an ________ layer • an _______ layer • Lines conducting portion of respiratory system

12. Alveolar sac Alveoli Figure 23–2

13. The Lamina Propria • Underlies areolar tissue • In the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi: • contains _______ glands that secrete onto epithelial surface • In the conducting portion of lower respiratory system: • contains _____ muscle cells that encircle lumen of bronchioles

14. The Respiratory Epithelium Figure 23–2

15. How are delicate respiratory exchange surfaces protected from pathogens, debris, and other hazards?

16. The Respiratory Defense System • Consists of a series of _____ mechanisms • Removes particles and _________

17. Components of the Respiratory Defense System (1 of 2) • _______ cells and mucous glands: • produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces • Cilia: • _______ debris _______ in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)

18. Components of the Respiratory Defense System (2 of 2) • _________in nasal cavity removes large particles • Alveolar _________engulf small particles that reach lungs

19. What are the organs of the upper respiratory system and their functions?

20. The Upper Respiratory System Figure 23–3

21. The Nose • Air enters the respiratory system: • through nostrils or ______ nares • into nasal _________ • Nasal hairs: • are in nasal vestibule • are the first particle filtration system

22. The Nasal Cavity • The nasal ________: • divides nasal cavity into left and right • Mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears: • clean and moisten the nasal cavity • Superior portion of nasal cavity is the _________ region: • provides sense of smell

23. Air Flow • From vestibule to internal nares: • through superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

24. Meatuses • Constricted passageways that produce air turbulence: • _____ and _______ incoming air • ______ particles

25. The Palates • Hard palate: • forms ______ of nasal cavity • separates nasal and oral cavities • Soft palate: • extends _______ to hard palate • divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

26. The Nasal Mucosa • Warm and humidify inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs • Breathing through mouth bypasses this important step

27. The Pharynx • A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems • Extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus

28. Divisions of the Pharynx • ____pharynx • ____pharynx • ______pharynx

29. The Nasopharynx • ______ portion of the pharynx • Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes

30. The Oropharynx • ______ portion of the pharynx • Communicates with oral ______

31. The Laryngopharynx • _______ portion of the pharynx • Extends from hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus

32. What is the structure of the larynx and its role in normal breathing and production of sound?

33. Anatomy of the Larynx Figure 23–4

34. Cartilages of the Larynx • 3 large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx: • the ______ cartilage • the ______ cartilage • the _______

35. The Thyroid Cartilage • Also called the Adam’s apple • Is a _______ cartilage • Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx • Ligaments attach to _____ bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages

36. The Cricoid Cartilage • Is a ______ cartilage • Form posterior portion of larynx • Ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage • Articulates with arytenoid cartilages

37. The Epiglottis • Composed of _______ cartilage • Ligaments attach to ______ cartilage and hyoid bone

38. Cartilage Functions • Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract • During __________: • the larynx is elevated • the epiglottis folds back over glottis • Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect: • the _______ • the entrance to trachea

39. The Glottis Figure 23–5

40. Sound Production • Air passing through glottis: • _______ vocal folds • produces sound waves Sound Variation • Sound is varied by: • tension on vocal folds • voluntary muscles (position arytenoid cartilage relative to thyroid cartilage)

41. What is the structure of airways outside the lungs?

42. Anatomy of the Trachea Figure 23–6

43. The Trachea • Also called the _________ • Extends from the cricoid cartilage to the internal ridge • where it branches into right and left pulmonary _________

44. The Tracheal Cartilages • ___–20 tracheal cartilages: • strengthen and protect airway • discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus • Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by: • an elastic ligament and __________ muscle

45. The Primary Bronchi • Right and left primary bronchi: • separated by an internal ridge (the ______) The Right Primary Bronchus • Is ______ in diameter than the left • Descends at a _________ angle

46. The Lungs • Left and right lungs: • are in left and right _______ cavities • The base: • inferior portion of each lung rests on superior surface of ________

47. The Right Lung • Has _ lobes: • superior, middle, and ______ • separated by horizontal and oblique fissures

48. The Left Lung • Has _ lobes: • superior and inferior • are separated by an oblique fissure

49. Relationship between Lungs and Heart Figure 23–8

50. Lung Shape • Right lung: • is wider • is displaced upward by _____ • Left lung: • is _______ • is displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch