Christian Apologetics: Answering the Hard Questions

1. Christian Apologetics:Answering the Hard Questions John Oakes ARS Feb 26, March 5, 2011

2. Outline I. Hard Questions Which Are Not Theological II. Hard Questions Which Are Theological A. The Trinity and Christology B. The Nature of God C. Predestination, Foreknowledge, Free Will D. The Question of Evil E. The Problem of Pain and Suffering F. The Problems of Violence and Slavery G. The Question of Justice and the Problem of Hell

3. Required Reading • “The Problem of Suffering” by C. S. Lewis • Essay: The Problem of Pain and Suffering. John Oakes • Extra Credit (on approval) • Suggestions: “Life in the Son” Robert Shank • “Troubling Questions for Calvinists” by F. Lagard Smith • “Is God a Moral Monster?” by Paul Copan

4. Grading (if you are getting credit) • The Reading 30% • Exam 30% • Paper 40% A research paper of 5 or more pages on a special topic of your choice (by approval)

5. Defending the Faith History and Archaeology How We Got the Bible (including response to form criticism, etc.) Science Supposed Contradictions in the Bible Creating Faith World View Prophecy Miracles/Resurrection Claims of Jesus Two Cagegories of Apologetic Topics

6. Hard Questions Which Are Not Theological • The vast majority of critics non-theological questions about Christianity are very easily answered. • But… There are a few hard ones

7. Hard Questions? • Jesus • His Claims: No significant question • Fulfilled Prophecy: No significant question • Miracles: Claim that miracles do not happen • Resurrection: No significant question. • The Jesus Myth claim is a “red herring.” • History and Archaeology • Lack of evidence is not evidence of lack • The case of Quirinius. When did he reign as governor? AD 6 or 6 BC?

8. More Hard Questions? • Science • No science errors in the Bible! • But… Anthropology: Who were Adam and Eve? This is a hard question! • Existence of God • No significant arguments against God. (Shermer vs. Jacoby) • Who Created God? • How We Got the Bible • Very bad scholarship—another red herring. • Scribes and translators are not inspired. • Minor textual issues.

9. More Hard Questions? • Supposed Contradictions • Hundreds claimed. Of those, only two stand out. • Matt 10:10 vs Mark 6:8 take a staff or do not take a staff? • Matthew 27:9-10 As spoken by Jeremiah the prophet. • Biblical World View • Evil done in the name of Christianity. • Those who do so violate everything Jesus stood for. • What about the good done in the name of Christianity which is consistent with the life and teaching of Jesus? That is it!!!

10. II. Hard Questions Which Are TheologicalorA Defense of Christian Theology • World View: When we discuss the difficult question, remember that we are not doing this in a vacuum. What is the answer of other world views?

11. World View • One's world view is the perspective one uses to process and interpret information received about the world.  • James W. Sire put it this way, "A world view is a set of presuppositions (ie. assumptions) which we hold about the basic makeup of our world."  • James W. Sire, The Universe Next Door (InterVarsity Press, 1997) A Jain World View

12. A “Good” World View Defined A. It is true. It is consistent with reality. It works. B. It answers satisfactorily the questions people really want answered. What is my value as a human being? What happens to a person at death? How do we know what is right and wrong? What is my purpose? Why is there suffering? Why is there evil? C. It causes those who hold to it to be better people than they would otherwise have been if they held to competing alternative world views.

13. The Christian World View 1. The physical world is: a. real b. created out of nothing (ex nihilo) and c. essentially good. 2. There exists an unseen spiritual reality which is not limited to or defined by the physical reality. Human beings have a spiritual aspect to their nature. 3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual realm is the God who reveals himself in the Bible. 4. Human beings have both a physical and a spiritual nature, The spiritual nature is more essential as it is eternal. 5. God is not easily defined but he can be characterized by certain qualities. God is a person. God is love, God is just, God is holy, God is omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent.

14. The Christian World View (cont.) 6. Although all God’s creation, including the physical world is good, evil does exist. Such evil is the result of freedom of will given to created beings and their subsequent decision to use that freedom to rebel--to “sin” 7. Because of God’s justice and his holiness, those who choose to rebel against him will ultimately be judged and separated from God for eternity. 8. The solution to evil, to sin and its eternal consequences is provided by God through the atoning substitutionary sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

15. Competing World Views for Us • Naturalism/Materialism • Postmodernism • Deism • Pantheism/Eastern Religions • Islamic Worldview • Dualism • Biblical Theism

16. A Question: Who reaches out to whom?

17. Initiative Human approach Truth God God Mankind Mankind

18. Works Salvation: Man reaches out to God. Islam Hinduism Jaina Sikkhism Gnosticism New Age Buddhism? Salvation by Grace: God reaches out to man. Judaism Christianity

19. THE TRINITY Emmanuel Emeh Evangelist, ICOC Nigeria emmanuelemeh@yahoo.co.uk

20. THE TRINITY The Most Important Apologetic Issue in the First Five Centuries of Christianit.

21. A. The Trinity as an Apologetic Issue • A stumbling block to the Greeks. • God distant, unchanging, impassive • A major stumbling block to Muslims. • Tritheism/Polytheism • A problem for unbelievers in general. • Not logical/not rational Question: What is the trinity? Do you believe in the trinity doctine?

22. The Trinity is not logical! • John 1:1 • John 1:14 Not only not logical—a scandal!!! • Peter Chacon: “It’s not logical, it’s Godgical” • Q: Is the goal of apologetics to present Christianity as rational? • The nature of God is a mystery!

23. The Mystery 1Timothy 3:16 ‘‘Beyond all question, the mystery of godliness is great: He [God] appeared in the body, was vindicated by the Spirit, Was seen by angels, was preached among the nations, Was believed on in the world, was taken up in glory’’. [A possible "early creed" of the church]

24. What is 1Tim. 3:16 saying? This scripture is telling us that we cannot completely understand the infinite God with our finite minds. We will get into trouble if we try to make God "reasonable", or "easily understood". God is complex. His thoughts are higher than our thoughts as the prophet pointed out in Isaiah 55: 9 "As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts. Nevertheless, God has made a revelation of Himself in the Bible, which we can accept or reject as we please.

25. The Mystery of God. • I Cor 1:19-20. Where is the philosopher, Where is the wise man of this age? • Ezekiel 18:25 Whose way is “unjust”? • Mystery: Romans 16:25 gospel a mystery, Ephesians 1:9, Ephesians 3:3-9 The Messiah a mystery, Colossians 1:26-27 the mystery: Christ in you Colossians 2:2 Christ a mystery.

26. Monotheism in the Bible • “There is no one like Yahweh our God." Exodus 8:10 • "Yahweh, He is God; there is no other besides Him." Deuteronomy 4:35 • "Yahweh, He is God in heaven above and on the earth below; there is no other." Deuteronomy 4:39 • "See now that I, I am He, And there is no god besides Me" Deuteronomy 32:39 • "Hear, O Israel! Yahweh is our God, Yahweh is one [echad]!" Deuteronomy 6:4 • "You are great, O Lord God; for there is none like You, and there is no God besides You" 2 Samuel 7:22

27. "For who is God, besides Yahweh? And who is a rock, besides our God?" 2 Samuel 22:32 • "Yahweh is God; there is no one else." 1 Kings 8:60 • “…You are the God, You alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth..." 2 Kings 19:15 • "O Lord, there is none like You, nor is there any God besides You" 1 Chronicles 17:20 • "You alone are Yahweh." Nehemiah 9:6 • "For who is God, but Yahweh? And who is a rock, except our God" Psalm 18:31 • "You alone, Lord, are God." Isaiah 37:20 • "Before Me there was no God formed, And there will be none after Me." Isaiah 43:10

28. "‘I am the first and I am the last, And there is no God besides Me." Isaiah 44:6 • "Is there any God besides Me, Or is there any other Rock? I know of none." Isaiah 44:8 • "I am Yahweh, and there is no other; Besides Me there is no God." Isaiah 45:5 • "Surely, God is with you, and there is none else, No other God." Isaiah 45:14 • "I am Yahweh, and there is none else." Isaiah 45:18

29. "Is it not I, Yahweh? And there is no other God besides Me, A righteous God and a Savior; There is none except Me." Isaiah 45:21 • "I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is no one like Me" Isaiah 46:9 • "And Yahweh will be king over all the earth; in that day Yahweh will be the only one, and His name the only one." Zechariah 14:9

30. "The foremost is, ‘Hear, O Israel! The Lord our God is one Lord; " Mark 12:29 • "you do not seek the glory that is from the one and only God?" John 5:44 • "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth." Matthew 6:24

31. "I and the Father are one." John 10:30 • "This is eternal life, that they may know You, the only true God" John 17:3 • "The glory which You have given Me I have given to them, that they may be one, just as We are one" John 17:22 • "since indeed God is one" Romans 3:30 • "to the only wise God, Amen." Romans 16:27 • "there is no God but one" 1 Corinthians 8:4

32. "yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom are all things and we exist for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we exist through Him." 1 Corinthians 8:6 • "Now a mediator is not for one party only; whereas God is only one." Galatians 3:20 • "There is one body and one Spirit, one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all who is over all and through all and in all." Ephesians 4:4-6 • "You believe that God is one. You do well; the demons also believe, and shudder." James 2:19

33. "Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God" 1 Timothy 1:17 • "which He will bring about at the proper time—He who is the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see. To Him be honor and eternal dominion! Amen." 1 Timothy 6:16 • "For there is one God, and one mediator also between God and men, the man Christ Jesus," 1 Timothy 2:5 • "the only God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen." Jude 25

34. The Deity of Jesus Christ

35. Jesus created the universe Gen 1:1 1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. John 1:3 3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. Heb 1:2 2 but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed heir of all things, and through whom he made the universe. Col 1:16-17 16 For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him. 17 He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

36. The Divinity of Jesus John 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was with God in the beginning. John 1:3 Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. John 8:56-58 Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad." "You are not yet fifty years old," the Jews said to him, "and you have seen Abraham!" "I tell you the truth," Jesus answered, "before Abraham was born, I am!"

37. Col 2:9: the fullness of deity For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form, • Heb 1:3: exact representation of His nature The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven. • Jn 14:8-10: He who sees Me sees the Father. Philip said, "Lord, show us the Father and that will be enough for us." 9 Jesus answered: "Don't you know me, Philip, even after I have been among you such a long time? Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? 10 Don't you believe that I am in the Father, and that the Father is in me? The words I say to you are not just my own. Rather, it is the Father, living in me, who is doing his work.

38. Jesus is called God Heb 1:8 When God brings his firstborn into the world, he says, "Let all God's angels worship him." In speaking of the angels he says, "He makes his angels winds, his servants flames of fire." But about the Son he says, "Your throne, O God, will last for ever and ever, and righteousness will be the scepter of your kingdom. You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, your God, has set you above your companions by anointing you with the oil of joy."

39. Phil 2:6-8 Jesus existed in the form of God • 5 Your attitude should be the same as that of Christ Jesus: • 6 Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be grasped, • Jn 20:28 'My Lord and My God’ • 28 Thomas said to him, "My Lord and my God!“ • Isa 7:14 ‘A Child Will Be Born And His Name Is Called": "Emanuel: God with us“ • Isa 9:6 "A Child Will Be Born And His Name Is Called": "Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace"

40. Creeds • A second century Roman creed (said at baptism) • I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, and in Jesus Christ, his only begotten Son, our Lord, and in the Holy Ghost, the holy church and the resurrection of the flesh.

41. Doctrine of the Trinity • Tertullian AD 160-220 • Invented the (Latin) word trinity • The Father and the Son are different “not in condition, but in degree; not in substance, but in form; not in power, but in aspect”

42. Questions For Thought: • How can God be a baby? • Who was taking care of the universe while God was a baby? • Did Jesus know he was God when he was 3 years old? • Did Jesus have the ability to work miracles at 5 years? • To what extent was the omnipotence/omniscience of the Son limited while he was incarnate? • What happened at Jesus’ baptism?

43. Heresies • Most, if not all of these heresies were attempts to rationalize the relation between Father and Son and the nature of Jesus. • Ebionites: Jesus a mere man. • Adoptionism:God adopted the man Jesus at his baptism • Gnosticism: • Jesus a spiritual emanation which occupied a human. Cerinthus, Valentinus • DocetismJesus only appeared to be human • ArianismJesus was not divine—he was a created demigod

44. Early Heresies (cont.) • Modalism The “Father” the “Son” and the “Holy Spirit are different aspect of a single entity, appropriate to the situation. • Monophysitism Two natures before, one nature after the union. “God in a bod.” • Nestorianism Jesus virtually two persons: one human and one divine. Sought to emphasize the humanity of Jesus.

45. Modalism states that God has taken numerous forms in both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, and that God has manifested Himself in three primary modes in regards to the salvation of mankind. Thus God is Father in creation (God created or begat a Son through the virgin birth), Son in redemption (God manifested Himself into or indwelt the begotten man Christ Jesus for the purpose of His death upon the cross), and Holy Spirit in regeneration (God's indwelling Spirit within the souls of Christian believers). In light of this view, God is not three separate Persons, but rather one God manifesting Himself in multiple ways. It is held by its proponents that this view maintains the strict monotheism found in Judaism and the Old Testament scriptures.

46. Church Councils • Nicaea AD 325 • Condemned Arianism Jesus homoousios With the Father • Constantinople AD 381 • Nicene Creed Holy Spirit also homoousious • Ephesus AD 431 • Nestorianism condemned, Pelagius anathematized. • Calchedon AD 451 • Define the “two natures” of Jesus • Constantinople II AD 553 • Monophysitism (one nature) • Constantinople III AD 680 • Monothelitism (one will)

47. Nicene Creed We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance (homoousios, of the same substance, consubstantial as opposed to homoiousios) with the Father, by whom all things were made. Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end. And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets. And I believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. Is this what we believe?

48. Chalcedon AD 451 “In agreement with the holy fathers we all unanimously teach that we should confess that our Lord Jesus Christ is one and the same Son; the same perfect in Godhead and the same perfect in manhood, truly God and truly man, the same of a rational soul and body; consubstantial with the Father in Godhead and the same consubstantial with us in manhood; like us in all things except sin; begotten of the Father before all ages as regards his Godhead and in the last days the same, for us and for our salvation, begotten of the Virgin Mary, the theotokos (as opposed to the Christotokos of the Nestorians) (the God-bearer, the mother of God) as regards his manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, only-begotten, made known in two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation…

49. Chalcedon (cont.) “Without confusion and without change” to oppose monophysitism/Coptic Christianity Monophysite = one nature “Without division, without separation” to oppose Nestorianism Q: Are we splitting hairs here?

50. Tritheism: Catholic Trinity Three Gods in One? Tritheist by observation