Memory

1. Memory

2. Rehearsal Storage-Encoding visual tactile Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory auditory Attending Sensory Input Retrieval Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Echoic Iconic

3. Sensory Memory: holds information in a relative raw (not interpreted) format for brief periods of time • Sperling (1960) • Iconic Memory-Brief Visual Store • 250ms to 300ms • Crowder (1976) • Echoic Memory-Brief Auditory Store • Slower to disappear (Fades in 3-4 seconds) • There is little age related change

5. RECALL

6. Sperling Experiment • Whole Report Method • Exposure durations of 50ms to 500ms • Average recall was slightly over 4 (Total 12) • Subjects reported that they could see more than they could report • Recall interfered • Partial Report instituted • Utilized tones as signal for row to recall • Average recall was 3 letters; hence, 9 letters were available for recall (Total 12) • Observers have 2 to 3 times as much information available

8. RECALL

10. This penny demonstration shows that Attention plays a role in our visual memory

11. Short Term Memory • Process Information (identification; organization; interpretation; transforming info) • Capacity: • George Miller (1956) • Magical number 7+-2 bits of information • Phone Numbers • Digit Span Test • Duration • Peterson and Peterson (1959) • Three consonants • Prevent rehearsal by counting backwards by 3’s from 100 aloud • After 3 seconds, recalled the letters about ½ the time

12. Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed)

13. EXAMPLE

14. Rehearsal Storage-Encoding visual tactile Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory auditory Attending Sensory Input Retrieval Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Echoic Iconic

15. Encoding Effortful Automatic Encoding: Getting Information In

16. Encoding • Rehearsal • Spacing Effect • Serial Position Effect • Mnemonic Devices • Chunking and Hierarchy

17. Rehearsal • Repeated rehearsal allows the information to move from STM to LTM • Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating items without retention • Elaborative Rehearsal: item receives a degree of attention that determines the strength of memory

18. Ebbinghaus (1885) Stimulus materials-nonsense syllables (CVC) eg. zeb, baf, lub

19. Spacing Effect-Ebbinghaus • Distributed practice is better for retention than mass practice • The more practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions for relearning on Day 2 • Over learning really does work

20. Study: Interference of information causing a problem • Example: • Study psychology then sociology back to back • Sociology will interfere with the retrieval of psychology information (RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE) • Information learned later interferes with earlier information

21. Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924)Sleep Retention Study • Learn lists of nonsense syllables (10 items) • Test retention after 1, 2, 4, & 8 hours (sleep vs no sleep) Sleep Group-Holds Steady Awake Group-Forgetting Curve

22. What is PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE? • Earlier information interferes with learning later information • Learning Spanish interfered with learning Italian in later years

23. Testing Your Knowledge: • We have new phone extensions at the University, but the old extension keeps coming to mind; therefore, I am experiencing? • What is the best way to study for this class?

24. Activity

25. Baboon Tissue Carpet Light Bulb Curtains Pixie Cantaloupe Stocking Ballpoint Pen Gold Battery Spoon Sunburn Stove Forest Stable Iron Needle Penguin Dream Check Words Primacy Effect Recency Effect

26. Serial List Learning • Items at the beginning and end of the list are easier to learn than items in the middle a.k.a. primacy and recency This is the curve for immediate recall---for delayed recall the beginning words are remembered best

27. Mnemonics-Memory Devices-Imagery as a Tool • Peg-Word System • One is a bun; two is a shoe; three is a tree; four is a door • List: Carrots, Milk, Paper • Carrots stuck in a bun • Fill the shoe with milk • Drape the paper towels over the tree branch • Method of Loci • Moving through a familiar place (route) • Placing images of what you want to remember along the route

28. Chunking and Hierarchy • Chunking---organizing into meaningful units • Arm • Humerus; radius; ulna • ROY G BIV (acronym) • Hierarchy • Larger; Medium; Small bones

29. Rehearsal Storage-Encoding visual tactile Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory auditory Attending Sensory Input Retrieval Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Echoic Iconic

30. Serial Position Effect: What words are the most difficult to recall? • Memory techniques such as method of loci are called? • Short Term Memory Span consists of approximately how many items? • Visual sensory memory is called?

31. Long-Term Memory Store • Store information relatively permanently • How does it work physiologically? • Long-Term Potentiation • 1970s –electrical stimulation produces a long lasting increase in the activity of synapses (chemical) that lasts from minutes to several days • The persistent effect of stimulation showed that the hippocampus can be altered by experience

32. Long-Term Memory Store Continued: • Stress Hormones linked to strong emotions make for stronger memories - boost learning and retention • Flashbulb Memories • Vivid & long lasting memories of an important public event • Triggered by emotional reaction to an original event & rehearsal process • Remain unchanged and consistent over long periods of time

33. Curci (2006) Cross-national comparison on flashbulb and event memory for the September 11th attacks • Questionnaire Flashbulb Memory • The time of the day when attack happened • Location where respondents were (country; city; room; car etc.) • Informant (family; friends; colleagues; media) • Other people present • Ongoing activity • Changes in ongoing activity following news

34. Results: look at table • Emotional and rehearsal factors affecting the formation and maintenance of flashbulb memory • Social Sharing • U.S.; Italian; Belgian; Dutch shared news to highest extent • US more specific recollection on flashbulb memory (more accurate) • Western Europe similar • Romanian exception • Low level of economic development---reduced access to media

35. Long-Term Memory • Explicit Memory (with conscious recall) • Semantic: facts and information; knowledge about the world (Square root of 36) • Episodic Memory: memory of an event; personal experience (Your sixteenth birthday) • Hippocampus • Implicit Memory (without conscious recall) • Procedural Memory: riding a bike, golfing (skills) • Cerebellum

36. Hippocampus-Explicit • Critical for the transfer of STM into LTM (may take up to 3 years) – Consolidation • Consolidation conversion of STM to LTM • Hippocampus coordinates the strengthening but the effects actually take place in the neocortex for storage or retrieval

37. Example Implicit Memory: • Source Confusion • Staged event • Mug shots showing person not in staged event • Person from mug shots picked out of lineup as being in staged event

38. K. C. exhibit dissociation between semantic & episodic memory • EXPLICIT MEMORY: Case where semantic memory intact, but episodic not available • Family has a summer cottage & knows where it is located on a map • He knows he spends weekends there, but cannot remember a single event that took place • He knows he has a car but cannot remember a single trip he took in it

39. Retrieval: Retrieve information from Long-Term Memory Store so that we can work with it when needed • Methods • Recall • Fill-in-the blank test • Recognition • Identify items previously learned • Multiple-choice test

40. Retrieval CuesContext Effects • We remember better when in the same context • Ex. Learned in the water – remember in water • Deja Vu(French) - already seen • cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

41. Retrieval Cues • Mood-congruent Memory • tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood • memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues • State-dependent Memory • what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

42. Mood Congruent

43. (Drug) State Dependent

44. Rehearsal Storage-Encoding visual tactile Sensory memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory auditory Attending Sensory Input Retrieval Implicit Memory Explicit Memory Echoic Iconic

45. Amnesic patients typically experience disruption of what subcategory of long term memory?

46. Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Memory Construction-Misinformation Effect • Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned hit

47. After each list of 16 words, you will have 45 seconds to write down all the words you can remember FROM THE LIST THAT WAS SHOWN. The memory test for each list should be done on a separate page in your booklet. It is important that you DO NOT GUESS when you are trying to remember the words from the list. Only write down those words that you are sure you saw. If it ever happens that you cannot remember ANY of the words, just write an “X” on that page. We realize that this is a difficult task, so please do not get discouraged. We simply want you to try as hard as you can.

48. DRUNK

49. keg

50. PUB