EMPIRES

1. EMPIRES Part I: Great Britain Turns to North America

2. Types of Colonies Corporate Colonies • Joint-stock companies • Jamestown (Virginia Company) Royal Colonies • Under direct authority of king’s government • Virginia after 1624 Proprietary Colonies • Under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, usually as gifts for support • Proprietors have almost total power • Maryland, Pennsylvania

3. Great Britain: The Turn to North America • Puritan forces execute Charles I in 1649 • Oliver Cromwell (“England’s Protector”) leads until his death in 1658 • Followed by son, who cannot control the country, Parliament calls king’s son out of exile to rule • 1660, Charles II restored to the throne, rewards supporters with colonies • Has no heir, brother James (Duke of York) inherits throne in 1685, rules as James II • Restoration Colonies • Despite unrest, continuous and increased influence and expansion in North America

4. Settlement of the Coast: Carolina Carolina (1663) • Proprietary Title given to supporters for all land between Florida and Virginia, west to the “sea” • No one really knew where that was • Proprietors needed to attract settlers • Many from Virginia settled in the North • Displaced planters from Barbados settled further south, bringing slaves • What will be South Carolina began with a system of black chattel labor • Why might this be important to understand?

5. Carolina: Contributions Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) • Attempt to establish an almost feudal hierarchy to the colony, but attract settlers It did… Provide for Grand Council (court + executive) Provide for an elected assembly Provide for voting by secret ballot Contain policies for religious toleration It did not… Provide for any kind of local government like other colonies Never go into full effect—grew much more slowly than anticipated FUN FACT: John Locke was a secretary to one of the proprietors at the time!

6. Divisions began to develop between the southern and northern provinces Albemarle  North Carolina Timber, livestock and tobacco No major port, sold through Virginia Much less slavery Carolina: Development South Carolina • Develop major port at Charles Town • 1st planned city in North America • Trade in timber, livestock, rice • By 1708, population is majority black slaves • Formally split in 1721 • Become Royal Colonies

7. Settlement of the Coast: New York (don’t tell the Dutch!) • Charles gives James all land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers • Produces conflict with New Netherland and New Sweden • Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam in 1664 • All other outposts follow • James doesn’t want elected assembly, but is forced to agree • Only lasts from 1683-87, when he becomes king

8. New Jerseys NY Governor gives some land to pesty Puritans from New England Berkeley sells to Quakers—West New Jersey • James gives the area between the Hudson to Delaware to a couple of followers, Carteret and Berkeley • Didn’t tell New York’s governor. Let the games begin… Carteret takes over East New Jersey alone Carteret dies, heirs sell off land to surveyors, who sell off land without reliable surveys Moral of the story:New Jersey has always been a mess. • Consolidated into one Royal Colony in 1702

9. Settlement of Pennsylvania • William Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681. Becomes Pennsylvania (Penn’s woods) • Becomes a haven for Quakers, who do not believe in any religious authority and are persecuted in England • Refused to kneel, bow, use titles, engage in war • On occasion, acted outrageously • Penn governs in the colony, unusual for a proprietor • Parliament had learned from past colonial conflicts, and placed some restrictions on Penn • Had to follow Parliament's trade laws, keep an agent in England • Had to allow customs officials, and permit appeals to British courts • Had to send transcripts of all laws to England for review

10. Pennsylvania: The Holy Experiment • Frame of Government (1682) • Included elected assembly that could reject laws that he proposed • Charter of Liberties (complete freedom of worship, open immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans • Advertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms • Population would include Swedes, Finns, Welsh and Irish settlers • Came for liberty and land • 50 acres to settlers, and to their freed servants • Plans Philadelphia to be a decentralized, “wholesome” town • Symmetry, green space, plain street names supported Quaker ideals

11. Expansion through 1685

12. Unrest on the frontiers • Increased expansion brought new conflict with Native mericans • Roger Williams, William Penn among those who thought Indians deserved to be treated with respect, but were in the minority of the time period • Penn actually purchased lands that the king had “given” him from Native Americans

13. Relative peace between Plymouth Colony and Wampanoag Indians from 1621-1675 In 1662, Metacom (King Philip) accepted agreement that subjugated his people to the English Crown Attacks town of Swansea on June 20, 1675 Fighting will last over a year, kill thousands of settlers and Indians What caused this, and how did it change life in the colonies? King Philip’s War

14. Possible Causes Plymouth started to fine Indians Colonists pasturing animals on Indian lands Incidents of colonists hanging Indians accused of murder Constant threat and spread of disease Effects Fighting spread across colonies and tribes Some tribes neutral, or even joined colonists So-called “praying” Indians sent to internment in Boston Harbor Indian population decimated, some tribes virtually eliminated Many Indians sold into slavery, sent to Bermuda King Philip’s War

15. Governor Berkeley, Royal Governor of Virginia adopted policies that favored large planters, failed to protect smaller farmers that were pushed inland, along with Native Americans Fun Fact: Brother of the New Jersey Berkeley Frontier farmers worried after news of King Philip’s war In 1676, recruit Nathaniel Bacon to lead them in attacking Indians Berkeley sends 300 troops to stop him Berkeley vs. Bacon in Virginia

16. Berkeley arrests Bacon when he is elected to the assembly Bacon apologizes, is released Berkeley declares Bacon & followers rebels against the king Bacon moves troops to Jamestown, burns it, harasses the governor Bacon briefly gains control of the government, dies on October 26, 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Effects: • Importance to people of right to keep and bear arms • Importance of local governments to the people • Highlights class differences, reactions to perceived corruption • Colonial resistance to Royal control

17. Trade takes Center Stage • England jealous of the trading power, worldwide influence of the Dutch Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673) • Mercantilism • Trade only on English or colonial ships • All goods must first travel to English ports • Specified goods from colonies could only be exported to England (eventually includes most goods)

18. POSITIVES N.E. shipbuilding prospers England prosperous, grants some colonies more rights, self gov’t Protection of British military forces NEGATIVES Manufacturing limited Chesapeake farmers get low prices with no competition High prices on manufactured goods from England Increased bureaucracy, resentment Effects of Mercantilism British government often lax in enforcement, corruption was rampant

19. “Triangular Trade”

20. Trend toward Centralization • Throughout 1660s more colonies coming under royal control • James II comes to power in 1685, increases the trend • Dominion of New England • Combines New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island and Connecticut • Governor, council, no elected assembly • New York and New Jersey added in 1688

21. The Glorious Revolution • James II becomes deeply unpopular, angering everyone • English with Catholic leanings • colonists with increased royal control over the colonies • Going around Parliament on financial matters • The Glorious Revolution ousts James II as king, replaced with William and Mary • Creation of a “limited monarchy” • Supremacy of the House of Commons • William and Mary dismantle the Dominion of New England, but kept Massachusetts a royal colony • Establishes elected assemblies as essential to government • Colonies regain historic identities, but still increased presence of the crown

22. EMPIRES Part II: Competition Among the Europeans in North America

23. France • New France small, relied on trade, missionary activity • Fighting among the Huron (traded with French) and Iroquois (traded with Dutch and English) nearly bankrupted them • Louis XIV takes direct control • Expand throughout Great Lakes region, mostly by establishing trading posts • By early 1700s, had claimed and established forts at the mouth of the Mississippi • Biloxi (1699), New Orleans (1722)

24. “Imperial Iroquois” • Identified selves with words meaning “long house” • Primarily agricultural society, “matrilocal” • Men went to live with wives’ families, elder women held power to determine which men headed their villages • Form Great League of Peace between the different Iroquois people, Iroquois Confederation as a result of conflict with French over trade • Not “governments” in the European model, but Europeans treated negotiations that way • How might that cause problems down the line?

25. European Entanglements • War between Britain and France in the late 168090s (surprise, surprise) • “War of the League of Augsburg” in Europe • “King William’s War” in British America • Iroquois (Five Nations) side with the British, Abenaki (NH/Maine) side with French • Fighting marked by burning down villages, killing livestock, taking men hostage • British villages destroyed, heavy casualties on both sdies • French turn to fight Iroquois • Lose ¼ to ½ of fighting men • Impact on alliances for the future

26. Spain • Held fort at St. Augustine (since 1565) on the Atlantic, Built Pensacola on the Gulf in 1698 • Have control over the Gulf of Mexico • Since Carlos II died and naed Louis XIV’s grandson heir, French allowed to develop New Orleans • Yes, European history can also be learned by watching “One Tree Hill” on the CW • Concentrated on New Mexico • Much resentment among native populations: • Tributes to encomenderos, relied on coerced Indian labor, regularly sold Indians into slavery • Frequent rebellions by Indians

27. Popé’s Rebellion (1680) Pueblo uprising—most successful in North American history Pueblo Indians had largely been converted, subjugated to Spanish Drought, attacks by Apache and Navajo cause turn back to their traditional gods Spanish hang, whip Pueblo leaders Pueblo unite behind Popé Attack farms, ranches, Kill over 400 colonists, including Catholic missionaries Destroy Cathlolic imagery Revolt spreads across region Spanish fail to regain total control Whose fault is it? The devil, of course! Explanation will be used in New England as well… Rain on Spain in the American Plains

28. Iroquois Pueblo, Apache, Navajo New Orleans

29. Major Ideas to Remember • Similarities and Differences in the British colonies • Including impact of developments in democratic ideas • Short- and Long-Term impact of Europeans’ views/treatment of Native Americans • Impact of European competition in the New World