Ch. 22 – Plant Diversity

1. Ch. 22 – Plant Diversity Mr. Wright, 2011

2. Plant Diversity • We are going to be spending the next couple of weeks looking at the basic characteristics of plants. • As you will see, there is a lot of diversity in this kingdom… they are more than “just plants”. • Today we are going to watch a video that shows some pretty unique and interesting plants, and you will see just how diverse this kingdom is!

3. Introduction to Plants Section 22.1

4. The Kingdom Plantae • In order to be classified as a plant, an organism MUST be: • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell walls made of cellulose (sugar) • Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

5. Plant Life Cycles • Plants, like the protists and fungi we’ve talked about before, go through alternation of generations during their life cycles. • Plants have both a haploid and a diploid stage. • In plants, these stages have special names.

6. Plant Life Cycles • Gametophyte – a haploid individual that produces gametes. • These gametes will combine to form the diploid sporophyte. • Sporophyte – A diploid individual that produces haploid spores through meiosis • The spores then grow into gametophytes.

7. Evolution of Plants • The first plants evolved from algae. • Algae spend their whole lives in water, while plants evolved to live on land. • In order to survive on land, plants needed to be able to do three things.

8. Three adaptations for land: • Plants need to be able to absorb nutrients from their surroundings. • Plants evolved roots for just this purpose. • The very first plants did not have roots. Instead, they got their nutrients from symbiotic fungi (mycorrhizae).

9. Three adaptations for land: • Plants need to be able to prevent water loss to keep from drying out. • Plants evolved a waxy, watertight covering called a cuticle.

10. Three adaptations for land: • Plants need to be able to disperse (spread) themselves across dry land. • Several ways plants can do this: • Wind • Water • Other Organisms

11. Plant Groups • Plants evolved to form 4 main groups. • We will look at in terms of seedless plants and seed plants.

12. Daily Assignment – Comparing Plants • The next three slides will include pictures of two different plants. • Look at each plant. How are they different? How are they similar? • Make a Venn Diagram for each pair of plants to show these similarities/differences in a handy dandy graphic organizer.

13. Comparing Plants Maple Tree Elm Tree

14. Comparing Plants Gingko Tree Pine Tree

15. Comparing Plants Venus Fly Trap Apple Tree

16. The Seedless Plants Section 22.2 and 22.3

17. Seedless Plants • Seedless plants are the most primitive plants. • They can be divided into two smaller groups: • Nonvascular (bryophytes) • Vascular • The very first plants were nonvascular seedless plants, and vascular plants evolved from there.

18. Nonvascular Plants - Bryophytes • These plants do not have vascular tissue (veins) to transport water throughout the organism. • Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

19. Nonvascular Plants - Bryophytes • Water is transported through the plant by osmosis and diffusion. • This means water moves very slowly and over short distances. • This limits the size of these plants – they simply can’t move water far enough quickly enough to grow large.

20. Vascular Plants • An important step in the evolution of plants was the development of vascular tissue (veins). • This is what makes it possible for plants to move food and water over great distances, allowing them to grow tall. • The most well known member of this group are ferns.

21. Vascular Plants • Two types of vascular tissue: • Xylem – transports water through a plant • Phloem – transports food (nutrients and sugars) through a plant

22. Daily Assignment –Nonvascular and vascular plants under the microscope • I have set up several microscopes with a variety of slides on them. • Some of the slides are from nonvascular plants, and some are from vascular plants. • Complete the worksheet given to you and turn it in for today’s grade.

23. Should look something like this…

24. Reproduction in Seedless Plants Sections 22.2 and 22.3

25. Daily Assignment –Diagramming a Seedless Life Cycle • Color the gametophyte stage one color, and the sporophyte stage another. Be sure to include a key so I know which is which. • Be sure to label all parts, particularly the archegonium, egg, antheridium, sperm, zygote, sporangium, and spores. • In your own words, describe what is happening at each step in the table provided.

26. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • Plants produce both male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (eggs) – sometimes both on the same plant! • Haploid! • These are produced by specialized structures on the haploid gametophytes.

27. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • Archegonium – the female reproductive structure in plants, produces a single egg.

28. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • Antheridium – the male reproductive structure in plants, produces sperm cells

29. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • In seedless plants, the sperm cells need to reach the egg cell somehow. • The only way they can do this is if there is watercovering the plant for them to swim through. • REQUIRE WATER TO REPRODUCE!!!!!

30. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • The two gametes will combine to form a zygote (fertilized egg). • This grows into the diploid sporophyte.

31. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • Sporangium – a specialized structure where spores are produced in the sporophyte • Spores are produced by meiosis, so they are haploid. • Will grow into new gametophytes.

32. Reproduction in Seedless Plants • Thus a cycle is formed, and it repeats over and over again!

33. Reviewing Seedless Plants Weekly Wrap-up Activity

34. Daily Assignment – Act It Out • You will work in a group of 4-6 people of your choosing. You MAY want to try to have both genders represented. • This week, we have spent a lot of time talking about the most basic plants - the seedless plants. Before we begin talking about plants with seeds, I’d like to review everything we’ve done up to this point. • General Plant Characteristics • Nonvascular vs. Vascular plants • The Life Cycle of a Seedless Plant • I will give each group one of the topics listed above.

35. Daily Assignment – Act It Out • Your group will then create a play/skit about the topic given to you. • Skits should be fairly short… 5 minutes maximum. • Every group member must be involved in some manner. • Props - anything in my room is yours to use. • How you set your play up is your choice – maybe you will play the plants themselves, or maybe your play takes place in a classroom. • Be creative and maybe you can have some fun with it. • You will perform these at the end of class, which gives you about 30 minutes to get things put together. • You may write a script, if you like, but it’s for your own use only… your grade will be on the performance itself.

36. Seed Plants Section 22.4

37. Seed Plants - Groups • Seed plants are divided into two smaller groups – gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Both of these groups are vascular plants, and they all produce seeds to aid in the survival and dispersal of their offspring.

38. Seed Plants - Groups • The difference between the two groups is how they develop their seeds – angiosperms have fruit, while gymnosperms do not. • Gymnosperm = “naked seed” • Angiosperm = “covered seed”

39. Seed Plants - Reproduction • Seed plants do NOT require water to reproduce. • They have other methods for getting sperm and egg cells together. • Because of this fact, they can live almost anywhere, including very dry areas.

40. Seed Plants - Reproductions • Plants have both male and female parts. • They often look completely different from each other, as do the structures they are kept in.

41. Seed Plants - Reproduction • In seed plants, male gametes are kept in side of pollen grains. • They don’t have to swim towards the egg… instead, they are carried by something else. • Wind • Insects • Animals • Pollination – when the pollen is carried to the female structure.

42. Seed Plants - Reproduction • A tube emerges from the pollen grain and attaches to the ovule, allowing sperm to travel into the egg. This is fertilization. • The fertilized ovule will then develop into a seed. • Plants CAN self-pollinate.

43. Seed Plants - Reproduction • A seed is a fertilized embryo surrounded by a protective layer and food supply. • Protective layer = seed coat • Not only protects it, but keeps it from drying out

44. Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers • Gymnosperms are conifers. • Any plant that does not have its seeds inside of fruit falls in this classification. • Many types of trees, but not all.

45. Daily Assignment: Seed Plant Reproduction • On a blank piece of paper, put the following steps in order. Draw a picture of each step as you go. • A tube emerges from the pollen grain and attaches to the ovule. • Antheridia produce sperm cells in the form of pollen grains, while archegonia/ovaries produce egg cells in the form of ovules. • Pollen grains land on the female reproductive structure. • The ovule is fertilized and becomes a seed. • Pollen grains are picked up by something (wind, animals, water) and carried elsewhere. • The seed results in a new plant being formed. • Complete the vocabulary review crossword puzzle. • Staple both pages together and turn them in for today’s grade.

46. Angiosperms Section 22.5

47. Angiosperms • Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers. • Thus, they are known as the flowering plants. • These attract insects and animals to aid in pollination.

48. Angiosperms • Flowers have ovaries which surround and protect the seed. • After fertilization, these ovaries swell up and develop into fruit. • This aids in dispersal – the plant wants it to get eaten so that it can be carried far distances before getting pooped out.

49. Classifying Angiosperms • Angiosperms are divided into two classes based on their seeds – the monocots and dicots. • Monocots – have one seed leaf (called a cotyledon) • Dicots – have two seed leafs

50. Monocots vs. Dicots • Besides the difference in the number of seed leaves, there are other differences between these two groups as well. • Monocots usually have parallel venation, while dicots have net venation.