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Lunar Geology for Engineers and Scientists Lecture #2 / #3

Lunar Geology for Engineers and Scientists Lecture #2 / #3. Dr. Paul Lowman 4-6453 January 12, 2006 Paul.D.Lowman@nasa.gov. Lecture #2 / #3. Chemistry of the Moon GSFC, Bld 26, Rm. 205, January 12, 2006 Mineralogy of the Moon GSFC, Bld 26, Rm. 205, January 14, 2006 Viewgraphs.

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Lunar Geology for Engineers and Scientists Lecture #2 / #3

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  1. Lunar Geology for Engineers and ScientistsLecture #2 / #3 Dr. Paul Lowman 4-6453 January 12, 2006 Paul.D.Lowman@nasa.gov

  2. Lecture #2 / #3 • Chemistry of the Moon • GSFC, Bld 26, Rm. 205, January 12, 2006 • Mineralogy of the Moon • GSFC, Bld 26, Rm. 205, January 14, 2006 • Viewgraphs Lunar Lecture #2

  3. Introduction • Best NASA plan in 40 years • “The Vision for Space Exploration” & “NASA’s Exploration Architecture” • Announcements of Opportunity due this spring • Our management working very hard to make this happen • AO’s will suddenly appear with short fuse • It’s Our Job to Get Our Fair Share • Work as a team & as teams Lunar Lecture #2

  4. Lecture Format • Intro, Short Talk, Q&A, Info Table • Each starts very basic • Quickly become state of the art • References for farther study • Request Materials: • Tom Riley, John.T.Riley@nasa.gov • Let me know of other speakers • Next Lecture: • #3, Tuesday, January 17, 2006, Bld 26, Rm 205 Lunar Lecture #2

  5. Lecturer: Dr. Paul Lowman • Degrees: B.S., Geology, Rutgers,1953; Ph.D., Geology, U. of Colorado,1963 • 1962-1964 : NASA Headquarters; Apollo geophysics planning • 1966-1968: Chairman, Working Group On Extraterrestrial Resources • 1963-1970: Lecturer, lunar geology, Catholic University, Air Force Institute of Technology, U. of California. • 1969-1972: GSFC, Co-investigator, Apollo 11 and 12 samples Co-investigator, Apollo 15 and 16 X-ray fluorescence • 1987: NASA Headquarters, Space Leadership Planning Group • 1990-1991: GSFC Exploration Program Scientist • Date: Geophysicist, Planetary Geodynamics Branch, GSFC Code 698 Lunar Lecture #2

  6. Chemistry of the Moon • Periodic Table • Esp. rare earth elements, radioactive elements • Radioactive decay; • isotopic dating (Rb-Sr methods); • U - Pb series • Chemical bonds • covalent, ionic, metallic, van der Waals, hydrogen • Phase Rule (F = C -P + 2) and phase diagrams • Ideal Gas laws (PV=nRT) • Crystallography (cubic, hexagonal, orthorhombic, tetragonal, triclinic, monoclinic systems ) • X-ray diffraction • Bragg's Law (n lambda = 2d sin theta) • Colloids (esp. adsorption of gases by solids) • Organic chemistry Lunar Lecture #2

  7. www.webelements.com Lunar Lecture #2

  8. The Uranium – Radium Family General Chemistry, Pauling, 1947 Lunar Lecture #2

  9. Generalized Decay Curve N = radioactive element D = Stable daughter Strontium Isotope Geology G. Faure, J.. Powell, Springer ,1972 Lunar Lecture #2

  10. Rb – Sr Isochron Lunar Lecture #2

  11. 87Sr / 86Sr vs. Time (comagmatic rock) Lunar Lecture #2

  12. KREEPy breccia, Apollo 12, Sample 12013 Reflected light, W face of sawed slab 12013,11; NASA photo S70-453171 Lunar Lecture #2

  13. KREEPy breccia, Apollo 12, Sample 12013 Composite thin section of slab12013,9 (ca. same size as 12013,11) Lunar Lecture #2

  14. Radiometric age determinations Made by Caltech lunar sample analysis team on Apollo sample12013 using rubidium- strontium methods Lunatic Asylum sic, Earth & Planet. Sci. Lett., 9, 137-163, 1970 Lunar Lecture #2

  15. Phase Diagram of Water Lunar Lecture #2

  16. Phase relations in the Or-Ab-An system, (a) At high temperatures, (b) at moderate temperatures Lunar Lecture #2

  17. Composition and phase relations in the common pyroxenes (Berry and Mason, 1959) • At high temperatures, (b) at medium temperatures. • The unshaded areas represent the miscibility gap between • high-calcic and low-calcic pyroxenes, which increases with decreasing temperatures Lunar Lecture #2

  18. Thin section of Apollo 11 basalt 10047, plane-polarized light. Note sharp crystal outlines and lack of alteration. White crystals are plagioclase, gray pyroxene, black ilmenite. Lunar Lecture #2

  19. Troctolite, Apollo 17 Plagioclase (white) Olivine (brown) Reference: French, In the New Solar System, Beatty et al. 1982 Lunar Lecture #2

  20. Highland breccia, Apollo 16 Plagioclase (white) Impact melt? (black) Lunar Lecture #2

  21. Thin section of Apollo 12 olivine basalt 12022 Lunar Lecture #2

  22. Thin section of Apollo 12 polymict breccia 12057 Lunar Lecture #2

  23. Bar graphs showing modal (volumetric) abundances of principal particle types in 14 lunar soil samples This diagram distinguishes between rock fragments (mare lithics, highland lithics), single minerals (pyroxene,olivine,plagioclase), glass, and fused soil (agglutinates + DMB- Dark Matrix Breccia). Samples from Apollo 11,12, 14, 15, 16,17,and Luna 16 and 24. From Lunar Sourcebook, Heiken,Vaniman, and French,Cambridge University Press, 1991. Lunar Lecture #2

  24. Chemical Evolution of the Moon • Extremely rapid, high temperature formation process • Giant impact? Independent origin? Fission? Capture? • Reference: Lowman, The relation of tektites to lunar igneous activity, Icarus, v.2, p. 35-48, 1963. • Heat sources: • Accretion energy • Adiabatic compression • Tidal friction (from capture?) • Short-lived isotopes (Al 26, Be 10,U 236, Ca 135) • Long-lived isotopes (U, Th, K40) • Chemical consequences: • Depletion in volatiles (H20, K, Na, Rb) • Oxidation state (highly reduced vs. Earth) • Moon deficient in Fe (vs. Earth) • Most important: NO WATER Lunar Lecture #2

  25. Mineralogy of the Moon • Mineral: • naturally-occurring, crystalline, inorganic (usually), solid substance with a definite chemical composition or range of compositions, mechanically separable • Major Terrestrial Rock-Forming Minerals (crust) • Quartz • Feldspars • Pyroxenes • Olivine • Ice • Amphiboles (hornblende, etc.) • Calcite, dolomite • Micas • Clay minerals • Ferric oxides (limonite, hematite) • Serpentine minerals • Italicized minerals not found on Moon because of lack of water. Lunar Lecture #2

  26. Major Lunar Rock-forming Minerals • Quartz: SiO2 • Most common simple mineral in Earth’s crust, very rare on Moon. Like Hawaii. Why? • Major Lunar Rock-forming Minerals • Plagioclase feldspar • Pyroxenes • Olivine • Ilmenite (FeTiO3) • Iron (Fe) Lunar Lecture #2

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