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Agenda

Exposing Differences of Governance Approaches in Single and Multi Vendor Open Source Software Development Mario Schaarschmidt Matthias Bertram Harald von Kortzfleisch mario.schaarschmidt|matthias.bertram|harald.von.kortzfleisch@uni-koblenz.de

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Agenda

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  1. Exposing Differences of Governance Approaches in Single and Multi Vendor Open Source Software Development Mario Schaarschmidt Matthias Bertram Harald von Kortzfleisch mario.schaarschmidt|matthias.bertram|harald.von.kortzfleisch@uni-koblenz.de MI²EO - Institute for Management - Computer Science Faculty University of Koblenz-Landau www.mi2eo.informatik.uni-koblenz.de

  2. Agenda IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011 Introduction Conceptional Background Research Setting Research Approach Research Results Conclusion & Discussion

  3. Introduction • Commercial production has attracted a lot of attention • Quality and customer acceptance to compete with proprietary software IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  4. Introduction • Controlandownershipstructures; Riehle (2009, 2011) • Single vendor • Multi vendor • Historyof a project; Dahlander (2007) • Community initiated • Firm initiated • Commercial OSS exsits in many different ways • Revenue model • Type of license • Development style • Number of participating firms • Number of participating volunteers • Governance mode IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  5. Conceptional Background – Framework • VendortypeControl and ownership structures • InitiationLogitudinal perspective; including history of a project Vendortype Single Vendor Multi Vendor Approach I Approach II Firm Initiation Community Approach IV Approach III IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  6. Conceptional Background – Hypothesis VENDORTYPE • Hypothesis 1: Multi vendor projects receive more technical contributions by firms than single vendor projects. • Hypothesis 2:The number of paid committers is higher in multi vendor projects. • Hypothesis 3: The number of voluntary project leaders is higher in single vendor projects. • Hypothesis 4: The number of paid project leaders is higher in multi vendor projects. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  7. Conceptional Background – Hypothesis INITIATION • Hypothesis 5: Community initiated projects receive more technical contributions by volunteers than firm initiated projects. • Hypothesis 6:The number of paid committers is higher in firm initiated projects. • Hypothesis 7:The number of voluntary project leaders is higher in community initiated projects. • Hypothesis 8:The number of paid project leaders is higher in firm initiated projects. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  8. Research Setting • The Eclipse Foundation • originally created by IBM in November 2001 and supported by a consortium of software vendors • 2004 the Eclipse Board of Stewards announced Eclipse’s reorganization into a not-for-profit corporation „ [ … ] The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse projects and helps cultivate both an open source community and an ecosystem of complementary products and services.“– from the Eclipse web site IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  9. Research Setting IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  10. Research Setting • EclpiseFoundationwithover 100 membersmostsuccessful; along Mozilla and Apache Foundation • Governancemechanismsarepubliclyavailable • Processofbecoming a contributor • Responsibillitiesofitsmembers • Governancerulesignoresizeof a member firm • Web pageprovidesdetailedinformation on projects • Name andaffiliationofeverycommitter • Project status • Commitmentsto a project IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  11. Research Approach – Project Data • Number of project leaders • Project initiation • Project vendor type • Technical contribution • Number of commiters IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  12. Research Results – Example: Vendortype IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  13. Research Results – Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  14. Research Results – Hypothesis Support IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  15. Limitiation • Were not able to identify a suitable measure for project size • ANOVA was not possible for each quadrant due to limited data set • Eclipse Foundation focuses on commercial projects; results cannot easily be extrapolated to other OSS cases IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  16. Conclusion • Objective • Exposing differences of governance approaches in OSS • Conclusion • OSS projects differ among different dimensions and thereby require different management approaches • De novo entrance must know the type governance structure applied prior to their engagement in OSS projects • Quadrants might be seen as distinct business models • Further research • Foster data quality for analysis -> ANOVA for each quadrant • Include data from software repositories and/or bug tracking systems IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  17. Discussion IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  18. References • Alexy, O. 2009. Free Revealing. How Firms Can Profit From Being Open, Wiesbaden: Gabler. • Arafat, O. and Riehle, D. 2009. “The Commit Size Distribution of Open Source Software,” Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaiian International Conference on System Science (HICSS-42). • Bitzer, J.; Schrettl, W. and Schröder, P.J.H. 2007. “Intrinsic Motivation in Open Source Software Development,” Journal of Comparative Economics, (35), pp. 160-169. • Bitzer, J. and Geishecker, I. 2010. “Who Contributes Voluntarily to OSS? An Investigation Among German IT Employees,” Research Policy, (39), 165-172. • Bonaccorsi, A.; Giannangeli, S. and Rossi, C. 2006. “Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry,” Management Science, (52:7), pp. 1085-1098. • Dahlander, L. 2007. “Penguin in a New Suit: A Tale of How De Novo Entrants Emerged to Harness Free and Open Source Software Communities,” Industrial and Corporate Change, (16:5), pp. 913-943. • Dahlander, L. and Magnusson, M.G. 2005. “Relationships Between Open Source Software Companies and Communities: Observations From Nordic Firms,” Research Policy, (34:4), pp. 481-493. • Dahlander, L. and Magnusson, M.G. 2008. “How Do Make Firms Make Use of Open Source Communities?” Long Range Planning, (41), pp. 629-649. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  19. References • Dahlander, L., and Wallin, M. 2006. “A Man on the Inside: Unlocking Communities as Complementary Assets,” Research Policy, (35), pp. 1243-1259. • De Laat, P.B. 2007. “Governance of Open Source Software: State of the Art,” Journal of Management and Governance, (11:2), pp. 165-177. • Fitzgerald, B. 2006. “The Transformation of Open Source Software,” MIS Quarterly, (30:3), pp. 587-598. • Fosfuri, A., Giarratana, M. and Luzzi, A. 2008. “The Penguin Has Entered the Building: The Commercialization of Open Source Software Products,” Organization Science, (19:2), pp. 292-305. • Franck, E. and Jungwirth, C. 2003. “Reconciling Rent-Seekers and Donators - The Governance Structure of Open Source,” Journal of Management and Governance, (7:4), pp. 401-421. • Jago, A.G. 1982. “Leadership: Perspectives in Theory and Research,” Management Science, (28:3), pp. 315-336. • Lerner, J. and Tirole, J. 2002. “Some Simple Economics of Open Source,” Journal of Industrial Economics, (50:2), pp. 197-234. • O’Mahony, S. 2007. “The Governance of Open Source Initiatives: What Does It Mean to Be Community Managed?” Journal of Management and Governance, (11:2), pp. 139-150. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  20. References • Raymond, E.S. 1999. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” URL: www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/, Last access: 10/21/2010. • Riehle, D. 2009. “The Commercial Open Source Business Model,” Proceedings of the 15th American Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), August 6-8, San Francisco, CA. • Riehle, D. 2011. “The Single Vendor Commercial Open Source Business Model,” Information Systems and e-Business Management, forthcoming. • Schaarschmidt, M. and Von Kortzfleisch, H. 2009. “Divide et Impera! The Role of Firms in Large Open Source Software Consortia,”Proceedings of the 15th American Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), August 6-8, San Francisco, CA. • Schaarschmidt, M. and Von Kortzfleisch, H. 2010. “The Business of Venture Capital in Open Source Software“, Working Paper, presented at 10th EURAM conference, May 19-22, Rome, Italy. • Scozzi, B.; Crowston, K.; Eseryel, Y. and Li, Q. 2008. “Shared Mental Models Among Open Source Software Developers,” Proceedings of the 41st Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS-41). • Shah, S. 2006. “Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Development,” Management Science, (52:7), pp. 1000-1014. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

  21. References • Stewart, K.J. and Gosain, S. 2006. “The Impact of Ideology on Effectiveness in Open Source Software Teams,” MIS Quarterly, (30:2), pp. 291-314. • Wagstrom, P.A. 2009. Vertical Interaction in Open Source Software Engineering Communities, PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. • Watson, R.T.; Boudreau, M.-C.; York, P.T.; Greiner, M. and Wynn, D. 2008. “The Business of Open Source,” Communications of the ACM, (51:4), pp. 41-46. • West, J. 2003. “How Open is Open Enough? Melding Proprietary and Open Source Platform Strategies,” Research Policy, (32), pp. 1259-1285. • West, J. and O’Mahony, S. 2008. “The Role of Participation Architecture in Growing Sponsored Open Source Communities,” Industry and Innovation, (15:2), pp. 145-168. IFIP WG 8.6 Conference Hamburg (Germany), September 22-24, 2011

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