Syntax:

1. Syntax: THE ESSENTIAL IDEA: Like all literary features, syntax must be examined in terms of how it contributes to purpose, meaning, and effect, and helps an author achieve his/her purpose.

2. 1.Sentence Length Telegraphic Short Are the sentences…… (shorter than 5 words), Short (approximately 5 to 10 words), (approximately 30 words or more)? Medium(approximately 15 to 20 words) or Medium Long

3. 2). Sentence Beginnings and Endings Is there variety or does a pattern emerge? Anaphora Epistrophe Anadiplosis

4. 3). WORD ORDER Are words set out in a special way for a specific purpose or effect?

5. 4. Rhetorical Question A question that expects no answer, it draws attention to a point or leads a reader to a specific view, answer, etc. Examples: • “Can‘t we all just get along?” • “Shouldn’t you use the rhetorical question sparingly?” • “Don’t you want to know how to use rhetorical devices well?” • “For what can war but endless war breed?” • “How can we expect a man to give more than we ourselves are willing to give?”

6. 5). Sentence Classifications Consider the following in examining sentence structures. Learn the terminology! A. Four Basic Sentence Types (purposes) Declarative: makes a statement Example: The king seems sick. Imperative: gives a command Example: Help him now. Interrogative: asks a question. Example: What‘s the matter with him? Exclamatory: makes an exclamation Example: The king is dead!

7. 5. Sentence Classifications contd… B. Four Basic Sentence Structures ….. 1. Simple sentence:one independent clause Example: The singer bowed to her adoring audience. 2. Compound sentence: two or more independent clauses (joined by a coordinating conjunction—and, but, for, or, not, yet, so—or a semicolon). Example: The singer bowed gratefully to the audience, but she sang no encores. Example: The singer bowed gratefully to the audience; however, she sang no encores. 3. Complex sentence: one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses. Example: Although the singer bowed gratefully to the audience, she sang no encores. 4. Compound-complex: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent (subordinate) clause(s). Example: Although the audience clapped wildly, the singer sang no encores, but she did bow gratefully.

8. 6). Arrangement Of Ideas Are ideas set out in a special way for a purpose or effect? The types listed below are just a few basic patterns. There are many more! Basic sentence: Abraham Lincoln wept. A. loose sentence: a basic sentence with details added immediately at the end of the basic sentence elements. The main point is ―front loaded. Example: Abraham Lincoln wept, fearing that the Union would not survive if the southern states seceded. B. periodic sentence: details are placed before or in the middle of basic sentence elements. Makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached. The main point is ―end loaded. Example: Alone in his study, lost in somber thoughts about his beloved country, dejected but not broken in spirit, Abraham Lincoln wept. Example: Abraham Lincoln, alone in his study, lost in somber thoughts about his beloved country, defected but not broken in spirit, wept.

9. 6). Arrangement Of Ideas Continued Are ideas set out in a special way for a purpose or effect? C. Parallelism (parallel structure): refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased. In essence, it is a particular kind of repetition. Wrong: In the winter, I usually like skiing and to skate. Right: In the winter, I usually like skiing and skating. Right: In the winter, I usually like to ski and to skate. Example: He was the kind of man who knew what he wanted, who intended to get it, and who allowed nothing or nobody to get in his way.

10. So why do we care??????? • Writers use different types of sentences to effect changes in meaning. (purpose, tone, etc.) • The structure of a sentence can affect the pacing of a text. • Loose sentences move quickly…galloping right along. • Periodic sentences work with delay…creating emphasis • To practice employing a variety in sentence structure within your own writing. • Good writers make informed decisions about sentence structure. They know their sentences not only carry meaning but also affect the reader.

11. Exercise: complete under notes in journal Do you think the following sentence from Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery is loose or periodic? “In order to defend and protect the women had children who were left on the plantation when the white males went to war, the slaves would lay down their lives.” Rewrite the sentence in a couple of ways, experimenting with making it more loose and more periodic. Notice and be ready to comment how changes affect tone, purpose, and the ethos (credibility) of the speaker.

12. Class Dismissed…..