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TCAP notes

TCAP notes. Rebekah Utterback. Scientific Method. In a scientific experiment, the following steps should be used: 1. Identify a testable question

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TCAP notes

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  1. TCAP notes Rebekah Utterback

  2. Scientific Method • In a scientific experiment, the following steps should be used: • 1. Identify a testable question • A testable question is one that can be answered by performing an investigation. Questions about opinions and emotions generally do not make good testable questions for experiments, although some information can be gathered about opinions by performing a survey. • 2. Research the topic • Before an investigation can go any further, some basic research about the topic must be done. Research can include making observations about things in nature, asking an expert, or looking in books and on the Internet. • 3. Form a hypothesis • A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question and is based on gathered information. In science, a hypothesis must be testable. This means that it must be possible to carry out the investigation and to gather evidence that will either support or disprove the hypothesis. • 4. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis • An experiment must be designed to test the hypothesis. All factors that can change in an experiment are called variables. The manipulated (independent) variable is the one factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment. The responding (dependent) variable is the result of changing the manipulated variable. A fair test is an experiment or comparison in which only one variable is changed or tested

  3. Scientific Method cont. • 5. Collect the data • A controlled experiment produces data. Data are things, such as facts and measurements, that are gathered by making observations during the experiment. • Observations involve the senses of sight, hearing, touch, and smell. Often, scientists use tools, like microscopes, that increase the power of their senses or make their observations more precise. • Data can be recorded by writing or drawing in a notebook. Data can also be recorded by using computers, cameras, videotapes, and other tools. Using tables to record data can help organize observations neatly. • 6. Interpret the Data • When an experiment is finished, the data from the experiment should be analyzed. Organizing data in tables, charts, and graphs makes it easier to see patterns and any relationship of one variable to another. • 7. Explain Results • After gathering and interpreting data, conclusions should be made about what happened when the manipulated variable was changed. • 8. Compare results to the hypothesis • The results of the experiment should be compared to the original hypothesis. Do the results support the hypothesis? Do they disprove the hypothesis? Hypotheses should not be thought of as right or wrong. Something is usually learned from the experiment, even if the results are not what was expected. • 9. Communicate the findings • The results, analysis, and agreement (or disagreement) of the findings with the original hypothesis should be communicated to others. Communicating results helps people learn from one another.

  4. Atmosphere • The Earth's major external source of energy is the Sun. The Earth is constantly receiving solar energy, but different areas of Earth receive different amounts of solar energy. This affects weather and climate. Different areas of the Earth receive different amounts of sunlight. The equator receives the most sunlight because the Sun is closer to being directly overhead year-round than it is at any other place on the Earth. This increases the amount of heat energy received and explains why areas near the equator have tropical climates. The poles receive the least sunlight, which is why they have cold climates. The solar energy received by the Earth causes ocean currents, winds, seasons, and climate differences. OCEAN CURRENTS—The uneven heating of the Earth's surface creates energy flow. Winds and ocean currents flow from warmer areas to colder areas, which means that they travel from the equator toward the poles. WIND: LAND BREEZES & SEA BREEZES—In coastal areas during the day, the land heats up more than the ocean. This uneven heating causes wind to blow from the ocean to the land during the day, as the warm air over the land rises, and the cooler ocean air moves in to take its place. These winds are called sea breezes. In the evening, the land cools faster than the ocean. This causes wind to blow from the land to the ocean, as the warmer ocean air rises and the air over the land moves out to take its place. These winds are called •SEASONS—The Earth's seasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth's axis. When either the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it is receiving the most solar radiation and is experiencing summer. When it is tilted away from the Sun, it is receiving the least amount of radiation and is CLIMATE DIFFERENCES: COASTAL VS. INLAND—Oceans also have a major effect on climate. Water absorbs solar energy without changing temperature much. This means that ocean temperature remains within a small range throughout the year, even when the amount of solar energy received is changing. This explains why the climate in coastal areas changes less with the seasons than areas that are far away from the coast. Experiencing winter. 1. Currents – continuous, directed movements of ocean water that are produced by forces acting upon the water. Surface ocean currents are primarily formed by winds that cause the water to move in the direction that the wind is blowing. Deep ocean currents form due to Earth's gravity—different sections of ocean water sink and rise as currents due to differences in density. These density differences are caused by differences in salinity and temperature. • 2. Tides – rising and falling of the water level caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun • 3. Waves - vertical movements of water, typically involving waves moving towards the shore and breaking in shallow water near the coastline

  5. Energy • Energy- is the ability to do work • Energy can take several different forms, including: •mechanical energy ,electrical energy ,heat energy, light energy • ,sound energy, and chemical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy that an object has due to its motion or its position. It can be further classified as kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and potential energy, or stored energy of position. Mechanical energy is present in: •a moving car, a book on a desk, a ball that is thrown. • Electrical energy moves charged particles from one place to another. When a conductor—something that electrons can move through—makes a path from one end of a battery to the other or one side of an outlet to another, electrons begin flowing through it, creating electricity. The path along which they flow is a circuit. These moving electrons flow through wires as a current, or a continuous flow of electrically charged particles. These currents can do work, converting their electrical energy to another type of energy (e.g., heat, light, sound, mechanical). A wire is plugged in to a power outlet on a wall. The electrical energy that flows through the wire transfers into: •light energy when it reaches a lamp., mechanical energy when it reaches a fan., sound energy when it reaches a radio., heat energy when it reaches a microwave. Heat energy can be created when matter undergoes a chemical change (burning wood or coal) or when it is produced by another form of energy. It can transfer from a warmer object to a colder object. Examples of heat energy include: •when wood or other fuels are burned to produce heat, when electric energy is converted to heat in appliances, hair dryer, microwave. Sound energy is the energy of sound waves as they travel. Sound energy can be created by other forms of energy, such as: •mechanical energy, when drums are played, electrical energy, when a radio is turned on. Chemical energy is the energy found in chemical compounds, such as food or fuel.

  6. Electricity • Energy is the ability to do work. Electrical energy is the energy of charged, moving particles called electrons. Electrical energy can be used to move objects or to produce light, heat, sound, and also magnetic fields. Electrical energy, also referred to as electricity, is used to run many different machines and tools. For example, electricity is used to power: •computers, heaters, hairdryers, lights, refrigerators, and stereos • Conductors are materials that allow electricity to easily flow through them. Insulators are materials that stop the flow of electricity. The following materials are electrical conductors: • •metals • •water* • Wire is made of metal, which is a conductor. The following materials are electrical insulators: • •wood • •plastic • •cloth • •rubber • Computer hair dryer light bulb water wood copper wire

  7. Inner Planets The inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets, are small, dense, and made of rock. Their orbits are close to the Sun. • Mercury is a little larger than the Moon, but has no atmosphere. Its surface is extremely hot in the sunlight (but cold in the shade) and is heavily cratered. A day is 59 earth days. A year is 88 earth days. • Venus is about the size of the Earth. Venus has a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide and sulphuric acid, and the surface is hot enough to melt lead. When Venus is closest to Earth, it is about 25 million miles away from Earth. A day is 243 earth days. A year is 224 earth days. • Earth is mostly covered by water, has a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, and is the only planet known to have life. A day here is 23h. 56min.. A year is 365 days. • Mars is about 7 times smaller than Earth. Mars has a thin atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide. The Martian surface is extremely cold (below the freezing point of water). Scientists believe that Mars may once have been warm enough for liquid water and possibly life. When Mars is closest to Earth, it is about 35 million miles away from Earth. A day is 24h. 37min. 1 yr. and 322 earth days make a year .

  8. Outer Planets • The outer planets (also known as the gas giants) are extremely large, cold, and made of gas (hydrogen, helium). Their orbits are farther out and spaced widely apart. • Jupiter is the largest planet (over 1,000 times the size of Earth) with colourful cloud bands and a large storm (The Great Red Spot). A day is 9h. 56min. 11yr. 313 day make a yr. • Saturn has three large sets of rings surrounding it, which are visible in small backyard telescopes. Both Jupiter and Saturn have many moons (also called satellites) and are like mini-solar systems. Some of these moons could support life. A day is 10h. 39min. 29 yr. 155 days make yr. • Uranus has smaller thin rings, has 21 moons, and is tipped on its side. A day is • Neptune has eight moons including one large moon, Triton. Triton has active cold, nitrogen geysers that erupt frequently.

  9. Galaxies • Spiral Galaxy - these galaxies are relatively flat and have a bulge in the middle. These galaxies have arms that spiral out from the center. Our Milky Way galaxy is a spiral galaxy, and the Sun, our closest star, is one of the stars in it . Below is a picture of the spiral galaxy M81. Barred Spiral Galaxy - these galaxies are shaped like spiral galaxies, except for the fact that the arms begin spiralling out from a straight line of stars instead of from the center. Below is a picture of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1672. • Elliptical Galaxy - these galaxies look like a round or flattened ball and contain little gas and dust between the stars. These are often described as taking on the shape of a football. Below is a picture of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1132. Irregular Galaxy - these galaxies have no discernible shape or structure. Below is a picture of the irregular galaxy I Zincky 18.

  10. Biomes • The climate of a tropical rainforest is hot and wet. Heavy rainfall (around 150 cm per year) and year-round warm temperatures make it very humid. This climate is found near the equator. A tropical rainforest is very dense with lots of large trees that block out sunlight. Very little sunlight reaches the rainforest floor. • The climate of a temperate rainforest is mild and wet. Temperatures are moderate and change with the seasons. Rainfall amounts are very high. Like tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests have a thick canopy of trees that block most sunlight from hitting the forest floor. However, while tropical rainforest canopies are generally broadleaf trees, temperate rainforest canopies may be broadleaf or coniferous trees. Temperate rainforests are farther from the equator than tropical rainforests and can be found in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, Asia, South America, Europe, and Australia. • Grasslands receive enough rainfall to support grasses, but not enough to support the growth of large trees. Drought and wildfire are common. Temperatures in grasslands are warm in the summer and cold in the winter. The climate of deserts is very hot and dry. The amount of precipitation in these areas is less than the amount of water that could potentially evaporate. Deserts get less than 25 centimeters of rain every year. Desert plants and at the climate of a deciduous forest is temperate with four distinct seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). • Deciduous forests have warm summers and cold winters. They have moderate precipitation throughout the year. During winter months, however, the precipitation is usually frozen and unavailable to the organisms that live there. Trees in a deciduous forest usually lose their leaves during the winter and have thick bark to conserve water and protect them from the cold. animals are adapted to store water and withstand year-round hot temperatures.

  11. Biomes cont. • Coniferous forests are located in northern latitudes. The climate in coniferous forests is very cold and dry. Coniferous forests have cold, snowy winters and warm summers. The main types of vegetation located in coniferous forests are conifers, such as pine trees. These trees are evergreens that have needles that stay on them all year long and produce cones. Arctic foxes, wolves, and snowy owls are a few examples of the animals that live in coniferous forests • The tundra has very low temperatures and very little precipitation. Winters in the tundra are long and extremely cold; summers are short, mild, and cool. The animals living in tundra ecosystems have adaptations that allow them to stay warm in the very low temperatures. For instance, Arctic foxes, grizzly bears, and ermines (a kind of weasel) all have thick fur that protects them from the cold. • A savannah is a dry tropical grassland where trees are present but more widely scattered than in most rainforest ecosystems. The savannah climate has a temperature range of 68° to 86°F. Savannahs receive around 125 centimeters of rain every year, with most of the rain falling during the summer. • An estuary is an area in which fresh water and salty ocean waters mix together. These areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. These brackish (salt mixed with fresh) water ecosystems shelter. • The taiga is the largest continental biome. It experiences long, cold winters; short, warm summers; and low precipitation. It is characterized by coniferous forests. Taiga covers most of Canada and Siberia and is not found in the Southern Hemisphere.

  12. Biome pictures

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