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World War II

World War II. 3 Fronts of the War Europe – West/East No . Africa Pacific Causes: Rise of dictators w/ expansionist plans Treaty of Versailles Alliances. The Versailles Treaty: Did it lead to WWII?. Alsace-Lorraine to France – 9 new nations established; Germany lost

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World War II

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  1. World War II 3 Fronts of the War • Europe – West/East • No. Africa • Pacific Causes: • Rise of dictators w/ expansionist plans • Treaty of Versailles • Alliances

  2. The Versailles Treaty: Did it lead to WWII? • Alsace-Lorraine to France – 9 new nations established; Germany lost land; Germany’s colonies go to Allied nations • Germany’s army reduced to 100k • All of Germany’s ships, planes, & heavy artillery taken • Germany forced to pay some 33 billion in reparations – led to much inflation • Germany forced to sign “war guilt clause” in treaty

  3. World War II • 2 Sides – Allies w/ 49 countries • Axis – 9 countries • Start: Sept. 1, 1939 • Event: Invasion of Poland • End: Aug. 10th, 1945 • Bombing of Nagasaki • Most destructive-new warfare • Changed maps • Started Cold War

  4. Road to War • Japanese Aggression • 1931 – Seizure of Manchuria By 1937, East China over-run • Italian Aggression • 1934 – Ethiopia seized; Ethiopian king, HaileSelassie, appealed to League of Nations for help • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis- formed in fight communism • Rome/Berlin (1936) – • 1940 – Tripartite Alliance; Rome, Berlin, Tokyo

  5. WWII – German Aggression • 1936 – Rhineland invaded (supposed to be DMZ zone per Versailles Treaty) • 1938 (March) – Anschluss-union of Germany & Austria • 1938 (Sept.) – Sudetenland – Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking peoples

  6. Allied Response - Appeasement • 1938 (Sept.) Munich Conference • British Prime Minister = Neville Chamberlain • French Premier= Eduardo Daladier • Both agreed on appeasement as long as Hitler promised to stop

  7. Hitler’s Expansion after Munich • 1939 (March) Czechoslovakia taken over by Nazis • 1939 (August) Nazi-Soviet Pact-Stalin & Hitler sign agreement to not interfere w/ Nazi expansion plans in exchange for division of Poland & East Europe

  8. Invasion of Poland-Beg. Of WWII • Sept. 1st, 1939 – Poland overtaken by Germans in less than 4 weeks – blietzkrig – event that is the official start of WWII • Sept. 3 – Britain and France declare war on Germany • Allies = Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., China, United States • Axis = Germany, Italy, Japan

  9. World War II - 1940 • 1940 (April) Hitler launched Blitzkrieg against Norway, Denmark, and then the Netherlands • By May, German forces were pouring into France • June, 1940 France fell to Nazis; Degaulle fled to Britain

  10. Summer-1940 Hitler looks to Great Britain • Operation Sea Lion Fall 1940-Hitler’s plan to conquer Great Britain • Axis Strategy-constant night bombing to weaken-then invade

  11. Battle of Britain • British respond to Nazi advance by hiding in bomb shelters @ night-evacuated London (women & children to countryside) • R.A.F. lost ¼ planes, but was able to hold off Luftwaffe due to 2 new weapons • 1.)RADAR • 2.) ENIGMA (German code making machine)

  12. U.S. Response 1935-39 • Neutrality Acts of 1935,36,37 • 1935 Act – embargo on arms trading w/ countries @ war • 1936 Act – expanded to ban loans to belligerents; • 1937 Act adopted a “cash & carry” provision

  13. US Policy Shift - 1940 • March, 1941 – United States passed the Lend-Lease Act; allowed U.S. - give Allies any help it needed to stop Hitler • Aug. 1941 – Atlantic Charter signed between Churchill & Roosevelt on the USS Augusta (to discuss Allied strategy)

  14. Operation Barbarossa • May, 1941, Hitler abandoned plan to invade Great Britain &moved troops east • German plan to conquer Soviet Union = Operation Barbarossa • June 22nd, 1941 German tanks & aircraft announce the invasion of the U.S.S.R. • Soviets not ready & German troops able to push 500 miles into U.S.S.R. • Russians used “scorch & burn” policy • Sept. 8th, 1941 – Germans surrounded Leningrad & isolated city – 1 million casualties

  15. Moscow & Stalingrad • Hitler movedto Moscow – Oct. 2nd, 1941; temp. dropped & Soviets got upper hand • Germans in summer uniforms-Soviets able to hold line until March, 1942 - 500k Germans died –Moscow saved - Nazi armies move south – Stalingrad • Battle of Stalingrad – Turning Point (Nov./Dec. 1942) Hitler sent 6th army to seize rich oil lands in Caucasus Mts. & capture Stalingrad on Volga river Aug. 23rd – night bombing raids began &city turned to rubble • By Nov. 1942 – Germans controlled 90% of city; Severe weather helped Soviets launch counter-attack & closed Germans inside & cut off supplies • Hitler’s commander begged retreat – Hitler refused • Feb. 3rd, 1943 90k German troops surrendered to Soviets

  16. North Africa Front Dwight Eisenhower General George Patton Erwin Rommel

  17. North Africa Sept. 1940 – Sept. 1943 • 1934 – Mussolini invaded Ethopia • Nazis sent troops in Sept. 1940 – Hitler ordered troops to seize Egypt tocontrol Suez Canal • Nazi troops pushed 60 miles into Egypt w/in a week & forced Brits back: sidesstalemated & Brits launched counter attack – advance then retreat tactics • Hitler sends Erwin Rommel (desert fox) to command in Libya

  18. North Africa Allied Counter-Offensive • Operation Torch: 1942 British advanced from East under Brit. General Bernard Montgomery while American General Dwight Eisenhower advanced from Morocco (West) • Turning Point: Battle of El Alamein – By Oct. 1942 1700 British guns surprised Axis; By Nov. 3rd Rommel beaten; troops captured couple months later – Rommel (Desert Fox) escaped

  19. Casablanca Conference • Jan. 1943 – Churchill, Stalin and FDR meet to discuss strategy; Stalin wanted all out invasion of France, but Churchill & FDR wanted to go up through Italy • Launched Operation Blood and Guts (invasion of Italy)

  20. Invasion of Italy • 180k troops landed in Sicily & by Aug. 1943 had captured Axis troops • Mussolini arrested • Sept. 1943, Italy surrendered; Mussolini escaped to No. Italy • Axis surrendered in No. Italy and Mussolini released to his people who hung him in 1945

  21. Western Front – 1943-1945 • Allies building forces in Britain by 1943-plan to attack Germany across English Channel • By May, 1944 the force was ready & included: 1000’s of planes, 3.5 million troops, ships/tanks/landing crafts

  22. Invasion of Normandy-D-DayJune 6th, 1944 • Operation Overlord-D-Day-amphibious & air strike on the beaches of Normandy • Eisenhower = commander of Allied force of Brits, Americans, Canadians, & French • By July, 1 ½ million troops participated in D-Day (3k Amer. lost @landing)

  23. Allies Break Through Enemy Lines • July 25th, Allies punched through German lines under General Patton – 1944 • August 25th, 1944 Germans retreated & Allies marched into Paris • Sept., 1944 – France was liberated along w/ Belgium, Lux., the Netherlands • Sept.-March 1945- Allies reached German territory

  24. Battle of the Bulge - December 16th, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge- Last German offensive • Hitler launched counter-offensive in West Germany to split Allied troops- Russians from East – Amer./Brits. from west • Germans broke through lines of weak Amer. defenses • Allies pushed back briefly, then Allies push Germans back – Germans retreated

  25. VE Day – May 8th, 1945 • Victory in Europe – Germany surrenders • Hitler committed suicide as Allied troops closed in • F.D.R. died April, 1945 • Concentration camps revealed horrors of Holacaust

  26. War in the PacificDec. 7th, 1941 – Aug. 10th 1945 • Japanese expansion began in 1931 w/ Manchuria – then by 1937 East China • U.S. cracked Japanese code by Aug. 1940 – concerned w/ U.S. territories – Guam, Philippines • Japanese over-ran French Indochina & Dutch East Indies – U.S. cut off oil shipments & war materials to Japan • General Tojo Hideki wanted lands in Asia & Pacific & U.S. interfered

  27. Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th, 1941 • Tojo Hideki ordered surprise attack on American fleet @ Pearl Harbor • Dec. 7th, 1941 Japanese airplanes struck – goal = destroy Pacific fleet • Damaged or destroyed 19 U.S. ships, 75% of U.S. aircraft & killed more than 2400 people

  28. Japanese Victories – 1941-42 • 1941 – Japanese took Guam, Wake Island • 1942 – Japanese over-ran Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore • 1942 – Bataan Death March – Philippines • 1942 – Indonesia, Burma taken by Jap.

  29. Bataan Death March – April, 1942

  30. Allied Offensive in Pacific • April, 1942 – Tokyo bombing raids – little damage • Strategy – Island Hopping campaign – take back islands J. controlled, put airstrip & base in, move closer to Japan to prepare for invasion – U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led Pacific campaign – goal = cut off enemy supplies & starve enemy troops

  31. US at WarThe War Comes Home Mobilization • Military • Economic • Social Internment

  32. Military Mobilization • Registration Expanded 18-65 • 258k women • WAC – Women’s Army Corps • WAVES – Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (US Naval Reserve) 27k 1st year • WAFS – Women in the Air Force (female transport pilots in 1942) • Office of Civil Defense – 5.6 million joined – police, air raid wardens, coastal patrols, medical personel

  33. Economic Mobilization War Production Board • ½ factory production = war • 5 million women went to work • Mobilization led to migration – No. east to south & southwest War Labor Board Office of Price Administration • 185 billion raised for war • 8 out of 13 Americans bought bonds (2.9 %) • Victory Gardens – 20 million gardens; 40 % veggies grown in Gardens; increase in home canning & decrease in waste

  34. Japanese Internment • Executive Order 9066 – Feb. 19, 1942 – FDR signed which allowed US military to intern Japanese Americans • 120k Japanese Americans interned • Over ½ = women & children • Manzanar, CA • 1988 – Reagan signed H.R. 442 – payments of 20k to surviving internees • Japanese Americans lost 500 million in property & savings

  35. War in the Pacific – 1942 • May 7th & 8th 1942 – Battle of the Coral Sea Allies stopped Japanese advance to Australia • June 3rd – 6th – Battle of Midway, 1942 – turning point in the War: destroyed 322 planes in a surprise attack-severely weakened Japanese Navy

  36. Battle of GuadalcanalAugust 7th 1942 • Allies took Japanese airbase • Savage struggle for island; lasted 6 months-U.S controlled island by Feb. 1943 • U.S. 23k casualties • Japanese 36k casualties

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