GRAMMAR BOOTCAMP

1. GRAMMAR BOOTCAMP Monday Parts of Speech

2. Nouns • A noun is a person, place, or thing. PERSON: Bob, colonist, swimmer, Ms. Yang, Mr. Smith PLACE: kitchen, James River, canyon, Oklahoma • The category thing contains several subcategories: VISIBLE THINGS: duck, daffodil, fort IDEAS: capitalism, recession, freedom ACTIONS: competition, exercise, labor CONDITIONS: joy, health, happiness QUALITIES: compassion, intelligence, drive

3. Common and Proper Nouns • A common noun names any one of a class of people, places, or things. A common noun is not capitalized. • A proper noun names a specific person, place ,or thing. A proper noun is always capitalized. COMMON: leader, place, book, war PROPER: Jefferson, Virginia, Leaves of Grass, Revolutionary War

4. Identifying Types of Nouns For each of the nouns below, identify it as either common or proper. colony Jamestown leadership farmer Captain John Smith self-government Pocahontas peace farmland history

5. Recognizing Nouns Write each sentence below on your paper. Underline each noun in the sentence. Identify each noun as common or proper. • To our dismay, the escalator halted between floors. • Sally bought an encyclopedia on technology. • Can Amy get the cooperation of her classmates? • Ted is interested in the origin of words. • Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia. • The surgeon predicted gradual improvement of her health. • First-class postage has almost doubled in this decade. • Mr. Reid disagreed with her decision on that issue. • A violent storm threatened the coast and the valley. • Jane made a jack-o’-lantern for the party on Saturday.

6. Pronouns • A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, another pronoun, or a group of words functioning as a noun. • An antecedent is the noun, pronoun, or group of words functioning as a noun to which a pronoun refers. A crowd quickly gathered. Looking at the seat, they saw a schooner inching its way into Jamestown harbor. Losing the crops was frightening; it was an experience the colonist said shewould never forget.

7. Personal Pronouns • A personal pronoun is a pronoun that refers to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person, place, or thing spoken about (third person).

8. Personal Pronouns • Nominative pronouns are pronouns that appear as the subject of a sentence. Shewent to the store for her mother. They saw a movie together. We will have the money by Monday. • Objective pronouns are pronouns that appear in the sentence as an object of another word. Mary gave a speech to them. She bought me a present. • Possessive pronouns indicate ownership of something. I gave back her book. My sister will call you tomorrow.

9. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • A reflexive pronoun ends in –self or –selves and indicates that someone or something in the sentence acts for or on itself. The settlers prepared themselves for the approaching winter. • An intensive pronoun ends in –self or –selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. John Smith himself wrote an account of the meeting.

10. Demonstrative Pronouns • A demonstrative pronoun directs attention to a specific person, place, or thing. • There are four demonstrative pronouns: That is a beautiful city. Those are the books you need. This is my report. These books need to be returned.

11. Relative Pronouns • A relative pronoun introduces an adjective clause and connects it to the word that the clause modifies. We read a book that contained an account of the settlers’ experiences. The settlers wanted to know who would work. The winter, which they knew would be harsh, was quickly approaching.

12. Interrogative Pronouns • An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question Who surrendered at Yorktown? What was the name of the British general?

13. Indefinite Pronouns • An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, or thing that may or may not be specifically named.

14. Recognizing Pronouns • Underline the personal pronoun in each sentence. Identify it as 1st person, 2nd person, or 3rd person AND nominative, objective, or possessive. • Todd gave his class ring to Betsy. • Where will you stay in London, Phil? • With their oxygen running low, the divers signaled for help. • Jeff asked his father for the keys to the car. • Beethoven wrote his violin concerto in 1806. • When she finished the novel, Pam turned on the phonograph. • Maggie, have you outlined the research paper yet? • “I am going to Denver for Christmas,” Pat told Derrick. • The congressman said that he would speak first. • The car in the driveway has its lights on.

15. Identifying Different Types of Pronouns • Identify the type of each underlined pronoun. When snow (1)that is held in place by friction is dislodged, (2)it can cause a serious avalanche. (3)This is a vast amount of snow cascading down a mountainside. The snow (4)itself can exert over 22,000 pounds of pressure per square inch and travel over 192 miles per hour. (5)Few caught in an avalanche can save (6)themselves, but Saint Bernards have been trained to locate victims. They have rescued over 2,500 people during (7)their nearly three hundred years of service. (8)Which of the dogs has the best rescue record? (9)Noneof the animals has a more impressive list than Barry, (10)who saved over forty avalanche victims.

16. Adjectives • An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun more specific meaning. • Adjectives answer any of the following questions: • What kind? big nests • Which one? that bird • How many? seventeen flocks • How much? more bird seed • Sometimes the adjectives is located after the noun it modifies. • The nest looked old. • Tired after the flight, he rested. • More than one adjective may modify a noun or pronoun. • The quick, darting falcon captured its prey.

17. Adjectives • Nouns used as adjectives: • vegetable soup • bird food • Proper adjectives – proper nouns used as adjectives • Audubon paintings • Florida sunshine • North American birds • Spanish language • Compound adjectives – made up of more than one word, sometimes hyphenated • long-term mates, oval-shaped nest • warmblooded animals, lifelong partners • South American birds

18. Identifying Adjectives Write the adjectives in these sentences. Then, write the noun that each adjective modifies. • Bald eagles, weighing up to fourteen pounds, are very large birds of prey. • Female bald eagles are usually larger than male bald eagles. • These North American birds have a dark-brown body, white head, white tail, and sharp yellow beak. • An eagle’s nest is difficult to find. • The cliff towers on which eagles build their homes are safe from predators. • Eagles are lifelong partners. • If something happens to one eagle, the other eagle may pine for months. • The male eagle and female eagle share the eaglet-raising responsibilities. • While the male hunts, the female will guard the stick-and-twig nest. • When the female hunts, the male takes on guard duty.

19. Adverbs • An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverbs. • Answers any of the following questions: • Where? The finch flew up. Her eggs lay here. • When? The flock’s migration began today. • In what way? The falcon quickly passed over our heads. • To what extent? We have just enough time. • Nouns functioning as adverbs: • We raced home to see the news of the eagle sighting.

20. Adverb or Adjective? • You can distinguish between adjectives and adverbs by remembering that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. • Spring arrived early. • The early bird gets the worm. • slow flight, hasty decision • flew slowly, decided hastily • Adjectives that end in –ly: • a lonely thrush, a ghostly wall, a lovely sight

21. Recognizing Adverbs and Their Uses Write the adverbs in these sentences. Next to them, write the word each one modifies. • Many types of hawks live freely throughout North America. • The Cooper’s hawk is also known, somewhat derogatorily, as the “chicken hawk.” • This very powerful bird kills large prey, such as chickens. • In the nineteenth century, hawks were frequently shot. • All hawks have become completely protected by federal law. • Today, we better understand the role birds of prey play in the natural world. • The Harris’s hawk behaves very socially, which greatly puzzles scientists. • It is very common to find several birds happily sharing a nest. • It is not surprising to find two Harris’s hawks flying home with one catch: the hawks even hunt in pairs. • On an early March morning, thousands of red-tailed hawks rise up and continue the annual migration.

22. Verbs • A verb is a word or group of words that expresses time while showing an action, a condition, or the fact that something exists. • A action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing. • The students are learning about winter sports. • The radio blared the broadcast of the hockey game. • The action does not have to be visible. Words expressing mental activities – such as learn, think, or decide – are also considered action verbs.

23. Linking Verbs • A linking verb is a verb that connects its subject with a noun or pronoun that identifies or describes the subject. • That man is a famous hockey player. • The ice surface seems smooth. • The verb be is the most common linking verb.

24. Forms of the Verb “to be”

25. Examples of Linking Verbs • The skater is on the rink. • The winter air smelled crisp and clean. • The crowd sounds excited. • The driver stayed alert. • The air felt cold.

26. Identifying Action and Linking Verbs Write action or linking for each underlined verb. • The telephone rings in both offices. • Milk turns bad quickly unless refrigerated. • Grandfather grew cucumbers during the summer. • The injured man stumbled into the hospital. • Two hours late, the bus pulled into the station. • His forehead feels cool to the touch. • Brian memorized the opening line of his speech. • Winter will arrive on December 21. • After the accident, he looked pale and worried. • The express bus may be late this evening.

27. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs • A transitive verb directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. • An intransitive verb does not direct action toward anyone or anything named in the same sentence. • The word toward which a transitive verb directs its action is called the object of the verb. • Intransitive verbs never have objects • Linking verbs are always intransitive • You can determine whether a verb has an object by asking whom or what after the verb. TRANSITIVE: The player shot the puck. INTRANSITIVE: The team practiced in the old ice arena.

28. Identifying Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Label each underlined verb as transitive or intransitive. • Keith placed the heavy metal turntable on his desk. • Clouds swirled near the top of the mountain. • After much delay the judge rendered an unpopular decision. • Did you buy the vegetables for the stew? • East Hampton is not far from Shelter Island. • For a good analysis, readUnderstanding Fiction. • Vicki rehearsed her speech many times. • The runaway bus careened into a stone wall. • City dwellers always enjoy a trip into the country. • The orchestra began with a loud overture.

29. Verb Phrases • A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs. • As many as three helping verbs may preced the main verb in a verb phrase. • I will be taking a horse and carriage ride through the snow. • I should have taken a horse and carriage ride through the snow. • A verb phrase may be interrupted by other words in a sentence. • I will definitely be taking a horse and carriage ride through the show. • Should I take a horse and carriage ride through the snow?

30. Identifying Verb Phrases Write down all parts of the verb phrase in each sentence. Label each verb as action, linking, or helping and transitive or intransitive. • By now, we should have been in Boston. • The police department has already been notified. • We can expect a letter from them in a month. • The flood has not blocked the main highway. • Their roles have not been clearly defined. • The doctor should have given you a more complete diagnosis. • Obviously, the trip must have taken several hours longer. • Will you remind them of our change in plans? • The senator did undoubtedly intend a postponement of the bill. • Can I really have forgotten their anniversary?

31. Prepositions • A preposition is a word that relates the noun or pronoun that appears with it to another word in the sentence.

32. Prepositions

33. Prepositional Phrases • Prepositions are always part of a group of words called prepositional phrases. • A prepositional phrase contains a preposition and a noun or pronoun known as the object of the preposition. • Who is the famous actress in the movie? • Shawn checked under the couch and chair. • Preposition or Adverb? • A preposition must always appear with an object of a preposition. • Joe Louis sidled around the rink. • The boxer slowly looked around.

34. Identifying Prepositional Phrases Write each sentence below. Place parentheses around the prepositional phrase or phrases in each sentence. Then underline the preposition and circle the object. Then draw an arrow to the word the phrase is describing. • In back of the shop the owner and his son baked fresh bread every day. • Step outside the door and see the sunset. • We ran out of money during our shopping expedition. • According to the President’s speech, we need a greater awareness of pollution problems. • Chinese lanterns were hung from the ceiling. • David carefully placed the delicate glass figurine next to the vase. • The terrified rabbit slipped between the fence posts and ran to safety. • Billy the Kid stayed ahead of his pursuers by means of a stolen horse. • Don’t walk in the storm without a hat and boots. • The exhausted long-distance runner finally fell behind to others.

35. Coordinating Conjunctions • A conjunction is a word used to connect other words or groups of words. • A coordinating conjunction connects words or groups of words. • She and Grandmother once went to see Bessie Smith. • Turning to the left or to the right, all Bessie could see was a throng of admiring fans. • They climbed aboard the midnight train, for the tour was just beginning. • FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

36. Correlative Conjunctions • A correlative conjunction joins elements in sentences, but always work in pairs. • Both, and • Either, or • Neither, nor • Not only, but also • Whether, or • Neither Lola nor he knows about Paul Robeson. • He was not only intelligent but also charismatic. • He excelled both during college and in life. • His choice after college as either athletics or law.

37. Subordinating Conjunctions • A subordinating conjunction joins two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate, or dependent, upon the other.

38. Identifying Conjunctions Underline the conjunction in each sentence. Then identify it as coordinating, correlative, or subordinating. • I offered my help, but she refused. • Both a dictionary and a thesaurus are useful in college. • My brother has held several jobs since he graduated. • Either I will go, or I will send a representative. • When she arrived, the crowd cheered wildly. • My brother and two sisters all play sports. • He is not only neat, but he is also accurate. • I travel because I enjoy meeting new people. • Unfortunately, she knows neither French nor German. • We had a winning record while he was our captain.

39. Conjunctive Adverbs • These are adverbs used as conjunctions to connect complete ideas. • They are often used as transitions, creating bridges between different ideas by showing comparisons, contrasts, or results. The film was great; nevertheless, I prefer Show Boat.

40. Verbals • A participle is a form of a verb that can act as an adjective • The flowing lava covered the road to Lassen Peak. • The melting glacier drained into the Kenai Fjords. • The frozen mass is slowly shrinking.

41. Distinguishing Between Participles and Verbs Identify each verb in the following sentences and indicate whether it is acting as an adjective (participle) or a verb. • We were hiking along a winding trail. • We spotted another hiking party coming toward us. • We had raised our hands to wave when we saw the raised hand of the leader waving to us. • We asked if they had experienced any camping difficulties. • They said experienced hikers like us wouldn’t have problems.

42. Gerunds • A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun. • Camping is fun. • Some parks allow fishing.

43. Identifying Gerunds Identify each gerund. Then, identify its function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, or appositive. • Preserving Yosemite National Park became a priority in the 1850’s. • Because of Yosemite’s sheer granite cliffs, climbing has become a favorite activity of the park's visitors. • Many consider rising before the sun to attack the cliffs. • Rock climbers enjoy ascending the monolith El Capitan. • Glacier Point is popular for providing spectacular views.

44. Infinitives • An infinitive is a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • To go to Yellowstone is my dream. (noun) • I made the decision to go. (adjective) • I was excited to go. (adverb)

45. Identifying Infinitives Write each infinitive. Then, label each as subject, direct object, predicate nominative, appositive, adjective, or adverb. • The goal of the National Park Service is to conserve natural scenery and wildlife. • National parks are designated by Congress to provide public recreation areas. • To maintain the parks takes a great deal of money. • Guides are happy to meet the needs of visitors. • Yellowstone was the first area to become a national park.